Benefits and limitations of animal models in partial bladder outlet obstruction for translational research

Abstract

Abbreviations & Acronyms AMPA = a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid BOO = bladder outlet obstruction BPH = benign prostatic hyperplasia DO = detrusor overactivity HIF-1 = hypoxia-inducible factor-1 IL = interleukin LUTS = lower urinary tract symptoms NGF = nerve growth factor NO = nitric oxide NVC = non-voiding contraction OAB = overactive bladder pBOO = partial bladder outlet obstruction TGF-b = transforming growth factor-b Abstract: The functions of the lower urinary tract have been investigated for more than a century. Lower urinary tract symptoms, such as incomplete bladder emptying, weak urine stream, daytime urinary frequency, urgency, urge incontinence and nocturia after partial bladder outlet obstruction, is a frequent cause of benign prostatic hyperplasia in aging men. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The use of animal models is absolutely imperative for understanding the pathophysiological processes involved in bladder dysfunction. Surgical induction has been used to study lower urinary tract functions of numerous animal species, such as pig, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, rat and mouse, of both sexes. Several morphological and functional modifications under partial bladder outlet obstruction have not only been observed in the bladder, but also in the central nervous system. Understanding the changes of the lower urinary tract functions induced by partial bladder outlet obstruction would also contribute to appropriate drug development for treating these pathophysiological conditions. In the present review, we discuss techniques for creating partial bladder outlet obstruction, the characteristics of several species, as well as issues of each model, and their translational value.

Urethral meatus stricture BOO stimulates bladder smooth muscle cell proliferation and pyroptosis via IL‑1β and the SGK1‑NFAT2 signaling pathway

“…obstructed bladder dysfunction secondary to BPH is a slow and progressive disease (6). ideally, an accurate model of BPH-induced Boo would develop as gradually as possible (15). In the present study, a significant difference in the pathology between the dBoo group and the GBoo group was observed, which provided evidence that GBoo may serve as a more appropriate model for studying Boo.…”

“…Pressure stimulation of BMScs during Boo is different compared with normal conditions. The majority of Boos involve chronic and progressive pathological processes; however, previous findings have commonly used acute obstruction models that do not accurately mimic the natural course of Boo (15). a number of studies have reported that the mortality rate of BOO is usually ≥15% (16,17), even when a highly standardized method of obstruction, such as surgery, is applied to induce Boo (18).…”

Animal Model for Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease

“…As a result, it is widely recognized that surrogate markers need to be used during these situations. Thus, this is the reason why most experimental models are used as non-voiding bladder contractions for OAB symptoms in animals [ 10 ].…”

Voiding Dysfunction in Old Male Rats Associated With Enlarged Prostate and Irregular Afferent-Triggered Reflex Responses

“…Several animal models have been used to evaluate bladder outlet obstruction in rats [4]. Some of these involve the mechanically induced partial occlusion of the urethra in rats to simulate similar conditions as those observed in patients with prostate-induced urethral obstructions [5]. Despite the efforts made to evaluate the impact of aging on micturition, the reported results have varied greatly, which may be explained by differences in species, sex, the application of anesthetics, and the experimental procedures used [6].…”