Eighty-seven participants read an e-book either from a near-to-eye display, a small-size display or a hard copy. Eyestrain, visually induced motion sickness, changes in visual functioning, user experience, and the essential optical parameters of the reading equipment were evaluated. The results indicate that reading from a hard copy was the most comfortable experience. All near-to-eye displays induced eyestrain and sickness symptoms, but the magnitude of these symptoms varied according to the device. The adverse symptoms were related to problems with the display optics and design, text layout, headset fit, use context, and individual differences.
Keywords: near-to-eye display, small-sized display, eyestrain, discomfort, readingReading text is a complex and highly automated process during which readers extract visual information from the page and comprehend the text's meaning [1,2]. Depending on a reader's motivations, the text type, the media format, and the context, the process of reading varies between and within readers [3]. For example, reading a printed book may be an engrossing, effortless, and relaxing experience that lasts for hours, whereas reading the same text in electronic format may be a consciously demanding process because of poor text legibility and technology-related limitations [3,4,5,2,74,75]. As a result, the reader may experience frustration, fatigue, eyestrain or visual discomfort, which could affect reading-related practices [6,7].