Benefits of the Mediterranean diet: Epidemiological and molecular aspects

Serra‐Majem, Lluís; Román-Viñas, Blanca; Sánchez‐Villegas, Almudena; Guasch‐Ferré, Marta; Corella, Dolores; Vecchia, Carlo La

doi:10.1016/j.mam.2019.06.001

Cited by 172 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 420 publications

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“…The Spanish Mediterranean population has been characterized over many years as one that follows the so-called traditional Mediterranean diet which is rich in vegetables, fruit, fish, olive oil and nuts, and low in red meats, butter, pastries and processed products [99]. Nowadays, the younger population is turning away from the Mediterranean diet, but a fairly high adherence, on average, to the traditional Mediterranean diet can still be detected in the elderly, although variability in adherence also exists within this group [99,101]. Among the populations included in the previous GWAS for circulating PUFA, the one that most resembles our population is the INCHIANTI study [79], focused on an Italian Mediterranean population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, it has been suggested that there might be stronger selection pressure on the FADS1/FASD2 block in southern Europeans [95]. In Spain, the adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern [99] is still relatively high in older subjects, but is decreasing in young people [100,101]. Although some studies specifically carried out in the Spanish Mediterranean population, have analyzed the association between several FADS and ELOVL candidate gene polymorphisms and PUFA concentrations [102][103][104][105][106], no study has investigated such associations at the GWAS level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genome-Wide Association Study for Serum Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Exploratory Analysis of the Sex-Specific Effects and Dietary Modulation in Mediterranean Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome

et al. 2020

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Many early studies presented beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on cardiovascular risk factors and disease. However, results from recent meta-analyses indicate that this effect would be very low or nil. One of the factors that may contribute to the inconsistency of the results is that, in most studies, genetic factors have not been taken into consideration. It is known that fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster in chromosome 11 is a very important determinant of plasma PUFA, and that the prevalence of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) varies greatly between populations and may constitute a bias in meta-analyses. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been carried out in other populations and none of them have investigated sex and Mediterranean dietary pattern interactions at the genome-wide level. Our aims were to undertake a GWAS to discover the genes most associated with serum PUFA concentrations (omega-3, omega-6, and some fatty acids) in a scarcely studied Mediterranean population with metabolic syndrome, and to explore sex and adherence to Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) interactions at the genome-wide level. Serum PUFA were determined by NMR spectroscopy. We found strong robust associations between various SNPs in the FADS cluster and omega-3 concentrations (top-ranked in the adjusted model: FADS1-rs174547, p = 3.34 × 10−14; FADS1-rs174550, p = 5.35 × 10−14; FADS2-rs1535, p = 5.85 × 10−14; FADS1-rs174546, p = 6.72 × 10−14; FADS2-rs174546, p = 9.75 × 10−14; FADS2-rs174576, p = 1.17 × 10−13; FADS2-rs174577, p = 1.12 × 10−12, among others). We also detected a genome-wide significant association with other genes in chromosome 11: MYRF (myelin regulatory factor)-rs174535, p = 1.49 × 10−12; TMEM258 (transmembrane protein 258)-rs102275, p = 2.43 × 10−12; FEN1 (flap structure-specific endonuclease 1)-rs174538, p = 1.96 × 10−11). Similar genome-wide statistically significant results were found for docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA). However, no such associations were detected for omega-6 PUFAs or linoleic acid (LA). For total PUFA, we observed a consistent gene*sex interaction with the DNTTIP2 (deoxynucleotidyl transferase terminal interacting protein 2)-rs3747965 p = 1.36 × 10−8. For adherence to MedDiet, we obtained a relevant interaction with the ME1 (malic enzyme 1) gene (a gene strongly regulated by fat) in determining serum omega-3. The top-ranked SNP for this interaction was ME1-rs3798890 (p = 2.15 × 10−7). In the regional-wide association study, specifically focused on the FADS1/FASD2/FADS3 and ELOVL (fatty acid elongase) 2/ELOVL 5 regions, we detected several statistically significant associations at p < 0.05. In conclusion, our results confirm a robust role of the FADS cluster on serum PUFA in this population, but the associations vary depending on the PUFA. Moreover, the detection of some sex and diet interactions underlines the need for these associations/interactions to be studied in all specific populations so as to better understand the complex metabolism of PUFA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Wide Association Study for Serum Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Exploratory Analysis of the Sex-Specific Effects and Dietary Modulation in Mediterranean Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome

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“…With regard to alcohol consumption, a higher compliance with recommended dietary intakes of Kcal, vitamin B2, potassium, and iodine is observed when alcohol is consumed regularly. These data may be due to the intake of red wine, typical of the Mediterranean diet, associated with the main daily meals and following the usual recommendations of one glass of wine per day [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating Habits in Older Adults: Compliance with the Recommended Daily Intakes and Its Relationship with Sociodemographic Characteristics, Clinical Conditions, and Lifestyles

et al. 2020

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Background: Older people have different nutritional requirements from those of the general population; in particular, they need a lower energy intake, higher protein content to preserve muscle mass, and a greater supply of vitamins and minerals to maintain good bone health. The objective of this study is to evaluate the degree of compliance with nutritional recommendations, and its relationship with sociodemographic characteristics, clinical conditions, and lifestyles in older people residing in the Spanish Mediterranean. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 341 people over 60 years old. Participants were selected using a snowball strategy. A validated food intake frequency questionnaire for older populations was used to determine the daily food intake. This evaluation was carried out at two time points from which the average nutrient intake was obtained. Sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle variables were obtained from an ad hoc elaborated questionnaire. Results: Compliance with dietary intakes was low, by deficiency, such as in vitamin D, where none of the participating subjects met the requirements, and iodine, where the compliance rate did not exceed 20%, or by excess, such as with monounsaturated fatty acids, fiber, iron, B vitamins, vitamin E, and vitamin C. People with better blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose levels observed a higher degree of compliance with the recommended intakes. Living in rural areas, being divorced, or being illiterate negatively influence meeting the recommended intakes of certain nutrients. Increased physical activity was associated with an increased compliance with Kcal recommendations, cholesterol, and vitamin B2 intake. Conclusion: this study highlights the importance of accurately knowing the dietary intakes in the older population, and what factors, such as lifestyles or sociodemographic characteristics, may predispose to better or worse compliance with the recommendations.

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“…Teenagers have different choices and eating habits compared to children and adults [37]. In this aspect, the MD is revealed to be an appropriate dietary pattern [17]. Most recently reviewed studies conducted in southern European countries reported that approximately half the children and adolescents show a low adherence to MD [38].…”

Section: Kidmed Index and Responses In Boys And Girl With And Withoutmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the contrary, a healthy eating pattern, such as the Mediterranean diet (MD), is considered as fundamental for preventing and reducing obesity at these ages [16]. The MD can be considered as the most studied and known dietary pattern in the world [17] and the Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Questionnaire (KIDMED) is the most used validated instrument to measure the adherence to the MD in children and adolescents [18]. The combination of Mediterranean cooking techniques, food, nutrients, and lifestyle interact in a way that makes the MD a powerful preventive tool and directly applicable for improving the quality of life and reducing diseases [17], as well as for increasing life expectancy [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Physical Fitness with Body Composition Parameters in 1717 European Adolescents: The AdolesHealth Study

et al. 2019

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Obesity, low levels of physical fitness, and unhealthy eating patterns are responsible for part of the health problems of adolescents today. The current study aimed at examining the association between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), through each answer to the items of the Adherence to the MD Questionnaire (KIDMED), and physical fitness with body composition parameters (body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat, and waist circumference) in 1717 European adolescents (N = 900 boys, N = 817 girls). Data of body composition, physical fitness results, and the answers to KIDMED were analyzed by the Student’s t-test. Additionally, the effect size (ES) was calculated and a Chi-square test analyzed the proportion of participants with and without over waist circumference, overfat, and overweight in each KIDMED question. The relative risk of suffering over waist circumference, overfat and overweight in relation to the responses was calculated by Odd-Ratio. Adherence to the MD did not influence the condition of over waist circumference, overfat and overweight, although certain dietary habits were identified as risk factors for their development. Over waist circumference, overfat, and overweight boys and girls presented higher levels of body mass, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and BMI (p < 0.001; ES = 1.73–3.38), as well as lower levels of all the parameters of the physical fitness analyzed (p < 0.001; ES = 0.45–1.08), except the handgrip test. A direct relationship between fitness and over waist circumference, overfat, and overweight was found.

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Benefits of the Mediterranean diet: Epidemiological and molecular aspects

Cited by 172 publications

References 420 publications

Genome-Wide Association Study for Serum Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Exploratory Analysis of the Sex-Specific Effects and Dietary Modulation in Mediterranean Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome

Genome-Wide Association Study for Serum Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Exploratory Analysis of the Sex-Specific Effects and Dietary Modulation in Mediterranean Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome

Eating Habits in Older Adults: Compliance with the Recommended Daily Intakes and Its Relationship with Sociodemographic Characteristics, Clinical Conditions, and Lifestyles

Association between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Physical Fitness with Body Composition Parameters in 1717 European Adolescents: The AdolesHealth Study

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