Benefits of volunteerism for middle-aged and older adults: comparisons between types of volunteering activities

Abstract

Volunteering is a popular activity among middle-aged and older adults as means to contribute to the society and to maintain personal health and wellbeing. While the benefits of volunteering have been well-documented in the current literature, it does not tend to distinguish between various types of volunteering activities. This cross-sectional study aims to compare the effects of instrumental (e.g. food preparation, fundraising) and cognitively demanding volunteering activities (e.g. befriending, mentoring) in a sample of 487 middle-aged and older Hong Kong Chinese adults. Participation in instrumental and cognitively demanding volunteering, life satisfaction, depressive symptoms, cognitive functioning and hand-grip strength were measured. The results of two-way between-subject robust analyses of variance demonstrated significant main effects of volunteering type and their interaction effect with age on life satisfaction and depressive symptoms. Comparisons among four volunteering groups (no volunteering, instrumental volunteering, cognitively demanding volunteering and both types) revealed that individuals engaging in instrumental volunteering exhibited lower life satisfaction and more depressive symptoms compared to those who engaged in cognitively demanding volunteering and those who did not volunteer at all. This detrimental pattern of instrumental volunteering was only seen in middle-aged adults, but not in older adults. Findings of this study revealed distinctive effects of two volunteering types, and provide valuable directions for designing future volunteering programmes.

Are you ready for retirement? The influence of values on membership in voluntary organizations in midlife and old age

“…One way to strengthen social inclusion and well-being in old age is membership in voluntary associations ( Serrat et al, 2015 ; Moyano-Díaz and Mendoza-Llanos, 2021 ; Levasseur et al, 2022 ), which directly contributes to Sustainable Development Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages . In this regard, the empirical evidence shows that membership helps older people to feel more useful and productive, and to enhance their sense of agency and self-esteem ( Haslam et al, 2018 ; Chung et al, 2020 ; Celdrán et al, 2021 ; Lam et al, 2021 ; de Wit et al, 2022 ).…”

“…The scientific literature has mainly considered two forms of membership: money, in the form of donations, and time, in the form of volunteering ( Kou et al, 2014 ; Mesch et al, 2021 ). Regarding the second, being a member of a voluntary organization provides numerous benefits for the volunteer and for the society ( Dekker and Feenstra, 2015 ; Li and Wu, 2019 ; Lam et al, 2021 ). In the case of older people, at the individual level, it improves the health, life satisfaction, and happiness ( Burr et al, 2021 ; Vega-Tinoco et al, 2021 ; de Wit et al, 2022 ).…”