Benevolent Sexism and Hostile Sexism Across the Ages

Hammond, Matthew D.; Milojev, Petar; Huang, Yanshu; Sibley, Chris G.

doi:10.1177/1948550617727588

Cited by 88 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Finally, some research shows an agreement U-shaped pattern with these IPVAW supportive attitudes, with the highest levels of agreement at the beginning and at the end of the age range, and the lowest in the middle [33]. This type of curvilinear relationship has also been observed in some studies on sexist beliefs, with high levels of sexism among young people, lower levels in adulthood and again high levels in older people [34][35][36]. A possible explanation for these results could be that "the feminist movement of the 1960s changed attitudes in young people at that time, who are now middle-aged, and those gains have receded as the movement has become less salient and backlash has set in" [34] (p. 74).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Psychosocial Implications of Supportive Attitudes towards Intimate Partner Violence against Women throughout the Lifecycle

Sánchez-Prada

Álvarez

Fiol

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) normalize and promote these aggressive behaviors. As a result, more and more research is proposing the identification, analysis and intervention of these attitudes. However, the vast majority of this research focuses on students. The main objective of this paper is to analyze these supportive attitudes throughout the lifecycle. An opportunity sample of 200 Spanish participants, by age and sex fixed quotas, took part in this study. Attitudes were measured using the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and Violence, the Inventory of Beliefs about Intimate Partner Violence and the Gender Violence Implicit Association Test, a personalized form of Implicit Association Test (IAT). The results show that explicitly measured supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women differ between age groups, adopting a U-shape distribution: lower acceptance among middle-aged-adults and young-adults and higher acceptance among adolescents and older adults. However, when these attitudes were implicitly measured, the IPVAW rejection increased with age, which is a counter-intuitive result and inconsistent with previous theoretical evidence. In summary, these results support an age effect that differs according to the measure of attitudes used and highlight some difficulties related to based-on-reaction-time measures among older people. This suggests the need for further research on the topic, especially among the older population.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Psychosocial Implications of Supportive Attitudes towards Intimate Partner Violence against Women throughout the Lifecycle

Sánchez-Prada

Álvarez

Fiol

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…Thus, future research should consider how women's relationship insecurity promotes hostility toward other women, in particular attitudes about women being sexually manipulative and untrustworthy.A recurring theme across this review is that romantic relationships can foster people's endorsement or rejection of sexism. However, an unresolved proposition of ambivalent sexism theory and our research is that formative experiences within heterosexual romantic relationships should be similarly formative for the development of sexist attitudes(Glick & Hilt, 2000;Hammond, Milojev, Huang, & Sibley, 2018). Evidence for this proposition is inconsistent:prior research has found that adolescent boys' experience with romantic relationships is associated with greater benevolent sexism(Montañés, Megías, de Lemus, & Moya, 2015), or greater hostile sexism (de Lemus,Moya, & Glick,…”

mentioning

confidence: 71%

“…A recurring theme across this review is that romantic relationships can foster people's endorsement or rejection of sexism. However, an unresolved proposition of ambivalent sexism theory and our research is that formative experiences within heterosexual romantic relationships should be similarly formative for the development of sexist attitudes (Glick & Hilt, ; Hammond, Milojev, Huang, & Sibley, ). Evidence for this proposition is inconsistent: prior research has found that adolescent boys' experience with romantic relationships is associated with greater benevolent sexism (Montañés, Megías, de Lemus, & Moya, ), or greater hostile sexism (de Lemus, Moya, & Glick, ; Viejo, Ortega‐Ruiz, & Sánchez, ), or neither (Mastari, Spruyt, & Siongers, ; for a review, see Ramiro‐Sánchez, Ramiro, Bermúdez, & Buela‐Casal, ).…”

Section: Theoretical Advancements and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Relationship (in)security is central to the sources and outcomes of sexist attitudes

Hammond

Cross

Overall

2020

Social & Personality Psych

Self Cite

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Ambivalent sexism theory recognizes that sexist attitudes maintain gender inequalities via sociocultural and close relationship processes. This review advances established work on sociocultural processes by showing how people's need for relationship security is also central to the sources and functions of sexism. Men's hostile sexism—overtly derogatory attitudes toward women—involves insecurities about women exploiting men's relational dependence. Accordingly, men's hostile sexism predicts relational aggression when their dependence on partners is risky. Men's benevolent sexism—patronizing and protective attitudes toward women—offers men relationship security by idealizing traditional gender roles in romantic relationships. Benevolent sexism also appeals to women who seek the security of a devoted partner, but requires women to invest in their relationship at the expense of their independence. Our relationship science perspective reveals that romantic (in)security is critical to why people adopt sexist attitudes and why sexist attitudes create differential costs and benefits for women and men.

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“…Second, we made the theoretical assumption that people’s endorsement of hostile sexism is relatively stable across time and causally influences their perceptions of women (Glick et al, 1997; Hammond et al, 2018). However, the correlational nature of the data prevents concluding that hostile sexism causes biased perceptions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Men’s Hostile Sexism and Biased Perceptions of Partners’ Support: Underestimating Dependability Rather Than Overestimating Challenges to Dominance

Hammond

Overall

2020

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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Hostile sexism expresses derogation of women’s competence and emphasizes that women will exploit men’s relational dependence. Men who endorse hostile sexism perceive their female partners more negatively, but do these negative perceptions stem from motives for dominance or insecurities about dependence? We tested both perspectives by assessing bias in perceptions of partners’ behaviors that challenge dominance (criticism, instruction, taking over) versus affirm partners are dependable (love, care, availability). Both members of 100 heterosexual couples reported how much they received and enacted these behaviors in (a) a lab-based discussion and (b) six monthly retrospective reports about an ongoing important goal. In both support contexts, men’s hostile sexism was associated with underestimating dependability-relevant support, particularly when partners reported providing low support. This pattern did not emerge for dominance-relevant behaviors. These results indicate that men’s hostile sexism involves insecurities about dependence, producing perceptions that female partners are less dependable than they actually are.

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Benevolent Sexism and Hostile Sexism Across the Ages

Cited by 88 publications

References 34 publications

Psychosocial Implications of Supportive Attitudes towards Intimate Partner Violence against Women throughout the Lifecycle

Psychosocial Implications of Supportive Attitudes towards Intimate Partner Violence against Women throughout the Lifecycle

Relationship (in)security is central to the sources and outcomes of sexist attitudes

Men’s Hostile Sexism and Biased Perceptions of Partners’ Support: Underestimating Dependability Rather Than Overestimating Challenges to Dominance

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