Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Abstract

donation during the early years of the AIDS epidemic. The demand for autologous transfusion has decreased as patients have become less concerned over the safety of transfusion, primarily because of improved testing for viral agents such as HIV and hepatitis. Other concepts that spare blood transfusion Erythropoietin, the red cell production hormone, can reduce the need for transfusion in stable medical patients with cancer and premature newborn infants. It can also be used to reduce the need for allogeneic transfusion in surgical patients, with or without concomitant autologous collection. 18 19 Perioperative anaemia and blood loss can also be dealt with by reducing the amount of blood lost at surgery through improving mechanical haemostasis, using antifibrinolytics such as aprotinin, limiting phlebotomy to essential diagnostic tests, and using microsample laboratory techniques. 20 Autologous transfusions also form part of a new concept of blood management called bloodless medicine and surgery. 21 This includes the use of erythropoietin, surgical techniques that minimise blood loss, and drugs that inhibit fibrinolysis; greater degrees of anaemia are tolerated, and phlebotomy undertaken for diagnostic testing is minimal. 20 Some of these methods are neither technically demanding nor expensive and may be adaptable to medical practice in less developed settings. The excellent results obtained in patients who are Jehovah's Witnesses, who refuse allogeneic transfusions, and the potential advantage of using fewer transfusions in patients in critical care support the promise of this concept for allogeneic transfusion. 22 Competing interests: NB has received lecture honorariums and consulting fees from Ortho Biotech.

Integrative genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic analyses of benign prostatic hyperplasia reveal new options for therapy

“…To understand underlying mutational processes, we examined mutational signatures 29 across all BPH cases, and found BPH was highly associated with mutation signature 1 29 , which included C>T substitutions at NpCpG trinucleotides ( Figures 1C and 1D). This signature has been shown to correlate with age 29,30 , consistent with the age-related onset of BPH 1,2,3,4,7 .…”

“…Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease, affecting nearly all men as they age 1,2,3,4,5 . BPH frequently results in bladder outlet obstruction with concomitant lower urinary tract symptoms or infections, and more rarely bladder decompensation and renal failure 3,6,7 . The prevalence of BPH increases with age, with BPH symptoms reported by roughly half of men at age 50 1,2,3,4,7 .…”

“…BPH frequently results in bladder outlet obstruction with concomitant lower urinary tract symptoms or infections, and more rarely bladder decompensation and renal failure 3,6,7 . The prevalence of BPH increases with age, with BPH symptoms reported by roughly half of men at age 50 1,2,3,4,7 . Approved medical therapies for BPH are limited to alpha-blockers, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, and PDE5 inhibitors 8,9,10 .…”

“…Histologically, BPH is characterized as the overgrowth of stromal and epithelial cells, and it occurs in the transitional zone of prostate 1 . Currently, many BPH studies have focused on risk factors of BPH 12,13,14,15 , while the underlying molecular features of BPH remain understudied 3,9,16,17,18,19 and molecular data is relatively scarce 20,21 . Moreover, BPH has been described as "the most common benign tumor in men", and is commonly referred to as an adenoma, but unlike many malignant 22,23 and benign neoplasms 24,25,26 , it is unknown whether BPH is a neoplastic process 3,7,18,19,20 .…”

Urogenital symptoms in mitochondrial disease: overlooked and undertreated

“…This discrepancy may result from the high rates of storage symptoms in the male control population (Fig. ) due to other causes, such as benign prostatic enlargement which is present in half of men over 50 . Sixty‐two questionnaires provided to control subjects were not returned, the explanation for which is probably multi‐factorial; for instance, the questionnaire might not have been passed on to the control subject by the patient or may not have been completed due to its sensitive nature or the absence of symptoms.…”