"Benign" Tumors and "Early Detection" in Mammography-Screened Patients of a Natural Cohort With Breast Cancer

Moody-Ayers, Sandra; Wells, Carolyn K.; Feinstein, Alvan R.

doi:10.1001/archinte.160.8.1109

Cited by 48 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…4,5 Several studies have reported that, within stage, mammography-detected breast cancers have a more favorable prognosis than breast cancers detected with other methods, even after controlling for other available tumor characteristics. 2,3,6,7 These findings are consistent with a length time bias, in which slower growing tumors are more likely to be detected through mammography screening, and faster growing tumors are more likely to be detected clinically.…”

supporting

confidence: 69%

“…[1][2][3] Even among women who receive regular screening, cancers detected clinically in the interval between normal screening examinations (interval cancers) are more aggressive than those detected by screening. 4,5 Several studies have reported that, within stage, mammography-detected breast cancers have a more favorable prognosis than breast cancers detected with other methods, even after controlling for other available tumor characteristics.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Is mode of breast cancer detection associated with cancer treatment in the United States?

Yabroff

Harlan

Clegg

et al. 2008

Cancer

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Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was prepared using the performic epoxidation method. TPVs based on ENR/PP blends were later prepared by melt‐mixing processes via dynamic vulcanization. The effects of blend ratios of ENR/PP, types of compatibilizers, and reactive blending were investigated. Phenolic modified polypropylene (Ph‐PP) and graft copolymer of maleic anhydride on polypropylene molecules (PP‐g‐MA) were prepared and used as blend compatibilizers and reactive blending components of ENR/Ph‐PP and ENR/PP‐g‐MA blends. It was found that the mixing torque, apparent shear stress and apparent shear viscosity increased with increasing levels of ENR. This is attributed to the higher viscosity of the pure ENR than that of the pure PP. Furthermore, there was a higher compatibilizing effect because of the chemical interaction between the polar groups in ENR and PP‐g‐MA or Ph‐PP. Mixing torque, shear flow properties (i.e., shear stress and shear viscosity) and mechanical properties (i.e., tensile strength, elongation at break, and hardness) of the TPVs prepared by reactive blending of ENR/Ph‐PP and ENR/PP‐g‐MA were lower than that of the samples without a compatibilizer. However, the TPVs prepared using Ph‐PP and PP‐g‐MA as compatibilizers exhibited higher values. We observed that the TPVs prepared from ENR/PP with Ph‐PP as a compatibilizer gave the highest rheological and mechanical properties, while the reactive blending of ENR/PP exhibited the lowest values. Trend of the properties corresponds to the morphology of the TPVs. That is, the TPV with Ph‐PP as a blend compatibilizer showed the smallest rubber particles dispersed in the PP matrix, while the reactive blending of ENR/PP‐g‐MA showed the largest particles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4729–4740, 2006

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supporting

confidence: 69%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is mode of breast cancer detection associated with cancer treatment in the United States?

Yabroff

Harlan

Clegg

et al. 2008

Cancer

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“…Women with breast cancer detected in mammography screening generally have more favorable outcome than those whose cancer is found outside of screening (1)(2)(3). Compared with cancers found by the patient herself, cancers detected in screening are usually smaller in size and are usually better differentiated and contain less tumor necrosis, have lower mitotic counts, express less frequently TP53 or HER2, have higher estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) contents, and are less frequently associated with regional lymph node metastases (4)(5)(6)(7)(8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancers Detected in Mammography Screening and Outside of Screening

Sihto

Lundin²,

Lehtimäki³

et al. 2008

Clinical Cancer Research

101

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Purpose: The frequency and significance of gene expression profile-derived molecular subtypes of breast cancers found in mammography screening are unknown. Experimental Design: We identified breast cancers diagnosed in women of any age living in defined geographic regions in Finland in 1991 to 1992 and collected clinical and pathologic data. Surrogates for the molecular subtypes were determined for 247 cancers found in organized mammography screening and 989 cancers detected outside of screening using immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization. Molecular subtypes were defined as luminal A [estrogen receptor (ER) positive and/or progesterone receptor (PR) positive, HER2-], luminal B (ER+ and/ or PR+, HER2+), basal-like (ER-, PR-, HER2-, cytokeratin 5+, and/or HER1+), HER2+/ER-(ER-, PR-, and HER2+), and unclassified. The median follow-up time was 9.4 years. Results: The luminal type A was common (73.7%) and the HER2+/ER-type is rare (5.7%) in screen-detected cancer, and only 16% were HER2 positive. Women with cancer diagnosed in screening at ages 50 to 69 years had similar molecular subtype distribution as women whose cancer was found outside of screening at age >69 years. In a multivariate model, cancer detection at screening independently predicted favorable distant disease-free survival when the molecular subtype was included as a covariate in addition to age, histologic grade, and cancer size. Women with small (pT 1 N 0 M 0 ) HER2-positive cancer had similar outcome regardless of the method of detection. Conclusions: Molecular subtype distribution of screen-detected breast cancer differs from that of cancers found outside of screening and accounts in part for the better outcome of screen-detected cancer.

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“…In addition, it may also contribute to an increase in detection rates for slow-growing tumours that would have remained in the pre-clinical phase longer without screening mammography (Shen et al, 2005). Thus, breast cancer survivors are probably diagnosed more often and earlier with a low-grade breast cancer, which may require less aggressive treatment than other cancers (Moody-Ayers et al, 2000).…”

Section: Trend Of Breast Cancer In Female Cancer Survivors I Soerjomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Rising incidence of breast cancer among female cancer survivors: implications for surveillance

et al. 2008

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The number of female cancer survivors has been rising rapidly. We assessed the occurrence of breast cancer in these survivors over time. We computed incidence of primary breast cancer in two cohorts of female cancer survivors with a first diagnosis of cancer at ages 30 þ in the periods 1975 -1979 and 1990 -1994. Cohorts were followed for 10 years through a population-based cancer registry. Over a period of 15 years, the incidence rate of breast cancer among female cancer survivors increased by 30% (agestandardised rate ratio (RR-adj): 1.30; 95% CI: 1.03 -1.68). The increase was significant for non-breast cancer survivors (RR-adj: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.04 -2.75). During the study period, the rate of second breast cancer stage II tripled (RR-adj: 3.10, 95% CI: 1.73 -5.78). Nonbreast cancer survivors had a significantly (P value ¼ 0.005) more unfavourable stage distribution (62% stage II and III) than breast cancer survivors (32% stage II and III). A marked rise in breast cancer incidence among female cancer survivors was observed. Research to optimise follow-up strategies for these women to detect breast cancer at an early stage is warranted.

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"Benign" Tumors and "Early Detection" in Mammography-Screened Patients of a Natural Cohort With Breast Cancer

Abstract: The results suggest that many of the breast cancers found by mammography screening have excellent prognosis not just because of early detection, but also because many of the cancers are relatively benign, requiring minimal therapy.

Cited by 48 publications

References 43 publications

Is mode of breast cancer detection associated with cancer treatment in the United States?

Is mode of breast cancer detection associated with cancer treatment in the United States?

Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancers Detected in Mammography Screening and Outside of Screening

Rising incidence of breast cancer among female cancer survivors: implications for surveillance

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