Benzaldehyde as an insecticidal, antimicrobial, and antioxidant compound produced by Photorhabdus temperata M1021

Abstract

The Photorhabdus temperata M1021 secretes toxic compounds that kill their insect hosts by arresting immune responses. Present study was aimed to purify the insecticidal and antimicrobial compound(s) from the culture extract of P. temperata M1021 through bioassay guided fractionation. An ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of the P. temperata M1021 exhibited 100% mortality in Galleria mellonella larvae within 72 h. In addition, EtOAc extract and bioactive compound 1 purified form the extract through to column chromatography, showed phenol oxidase inhibition up to 60% and 80% respectively. The analysis of (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra revealed the identity of pure compound as "benzaldehyde". The benzaldehyde showed insecticidal activity against G. mellonella in a dose-dependent manner and 100% insect mortality was observed at 108 h after injection of 8 mM benzaldehyde. In a PO inhibition assay, 4, 6, and 8 mM concentrations of benzaldehyde were found to inhibit PO activity about 15%, 42%, and 80% respectively. In addition, nodule formation was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by 4, 6, and 8 mM of benzaldehyde as compare to control. Moreover, benzaldehyde was found to have great antioxidant activity and maximum antioxidant activity was 52.9% at 8 mM benzaldehyde as compare to control. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by MIC values ranged from 6 mM 10 mM for bacterial strains and 8 mM to 10 mM for fungal strains. The results suggest that benzaldehyde could be applicable for developing novel insecticide for agriculture use.

Chemical cues linked to risk: Cues from below‐ground natural enemies enhance plant defences and influence herbivore behaviour and performance

“…Following exposure to EPNs or their chemical cues, plants in this study had elevated defences typically associated with pathogens, plant‐parasitic nematodes or phloem‐feeding herbivores (Conrath et al, ; Erb, Meldau, & Howe, ; Manosalva et al, ). Based on previous characterizations of microbial volatiles, it is likely that compounds we identified from EPN‐infected cadavers are produced by EPN symbionts and plants might associate these cues with a microbial threat (Table ) (Piechulla, Lemfack, & Kai, ; Tomberlin et al, ; Ullah et al, ). Notably, one of the compounds emitted by EPN cadavers, indole, is also produced by some plant species after herbivore damage and has been identified as a key defence priming signal in maize (Erb et al, ).…”

Screening of the Antimicrobial Activity against Drug Resistant Bacteria of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus Associated with Entomopathogenic Nematodes from Mae Wong National Park, Thailand

“…This may be due to the ability of Photorhabdus to produce several secondary metabolites including insecticidal compounds and antimicrobials such as isopropylstilbene, ethylstilbene, epoxystilbene, photobactin, and ulbactin E (Bode, 2009). In support of the antibacterial activity of this bacterium, P. temperata showed many bioactivities, e.g., insecticidal, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities (Jang et al, 2012; Ullah et al, 2014, 2015). Phthalic acid or 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid purified from P. temperata M1021 showed antibacterial activity with MIC values ranged between 0.1 and 0.5 M (Ullah et al, 2014).…”

“…Phthalic acid or 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid purified from P. temperata M1021 showed antibacterial activity with MIC values ranged between 0.1 and 0.5 M (Ullah et al, 2014). In addition, benzaldehyde purified from P. temperata M1021 showed antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging between 6 and 10 mM and antifungal activity with MIC values between 8 and 10 mM (Ullah et al, 2015). …”

Changes in antioxidant activities and volatile compounds of mixed berry juice through fermentation by lactic acid bacteria

“…2B). Benzaldehyde produced from Photorhabdus temperata M1021 exhibited high antioxidant activity, determined by the DPPH method, as well as antimicrobial and insecticidal activity (35). The peak area of 2,6,6-trimethyl-10-methylidene-1-oxaspiro [4.5]dec-8-ene (vitispirane), which is the most abundant terpene compound in the mixed berry juice, decreased drastically (92%) from 143.87x10 Retention indices were determined on DB-wax using C8-C22 as the external reference.…”