Benzene and toluene biodegradation down gradient of a zero-valent iron permeable reactive barrier

A Novel Method for Treating Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil: The Combined Electrokinetics and Permeable Reactive Barrier Technique

“…Commonly used materials include zero-valentiron (Fe(0)), activated carbon (AC), zeolite, lime, apatite, transformed red mud (TRM), and biologically reactive materials (Zijlstra et al, 2010;Vermeul et al, 2014;Ranjbar et al, 2017;Vukojević Medvidović et al, 2018;Gibert et al, 2019;Grau-Martí nez et al, 2019;Huang et al, 2019). Pollutants that can be removed with the PRB technique include organic pollutants such as chlorinated hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and the benzene series (Chang and Cheng, 2006;Chen et al, 2011;Du et al, 2013; heavy metal and metalloid pollutants including nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), Cd, selenium (Se), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and mercury (Hg) (Huang et al, 2015;Robles et al, 2015;Han et al, 2016;Ranjbar et al, 2017;Medvidović et al, 2018;Huang et al, 2019;Xu et al, 2019); radioactive materials such as caesium-137 and strontium-90 (Vermeul et al, 2014;Torres et al, 2017); and inorganic salt pollutants such as nitrate (Li et al, 2017;Gibert et al, 2019). Therefore, PRB is a very promising technique.…”

An optimized configuration of adsorptive wells for the remediation of an aquifer contaminated by multiple aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants

“…The filling reactive material is chosen according to the type of contaminants to be removed. Iron metal, Fe (0) , is mainly used as a reactive media of PRBs acting by converting the contaminants, such as chlorophenols, nitrates and chlorinated hydrocarbons to non-toxic or immobile species (Lee et al, 2017;Gao et al, 2015;Chen et al , 2011). Organic materials are, instead, among the best reactive media to promote biological process for the remediation of other contaminants, such as nitrate and sulphate (Powell et al, 1998).…”

Comparative assessment of compost and zeolite utilisation for the simultaneous removal of BTEX, Cd and Zn from the aqueous phase: Batch and continuous flow study

“…Furthermore, the BTEX removal depends in a weaker way, on pH value as they are non-polar substances, however there was an increase in the materials' capacity when the pH increased. According to Chen et al, 2011, the degradation of benzene and toluene by a widely used adsorbent (zerovalent iron) is adversely affected by the pH increase. …”