Benzo(a)pyrene induces lung toxicity and inflammation in mice: prevention by carvacrol

Abstract

Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) is an environmental pollutant which causes various lung toxicities. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of carvacrol, a monoterpenic phenol against B(a)P-induced lung toxicity. In this study, Swiss albino mice were pretreated with carvacrol (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days before administering oral B(a)P (125 mg/kg). Preventive efficacy of carvacrol was assessed in terms of membrane oxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, histopathological changes, and inflammatory (iNOS, NF-κB, and COX-2) markers. Carvacrol pretreatment in the two doses restored B(a)P-induced lipid peroxidation and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Protein expressions of iNOS, NF-κB, and COX-2 in the lung tissue were found to be upregulated by B(a)P. Carvacrol treatment, however, downregulated their expressions by decreasing the marker of positive stained cells and restored the histopathological architecture of lung tissue. Our results suggest that carvacrol can be used as a protective agent against B(a)P-induced lung toxicity and inflammation.

In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Viscozyme®-Treated Jujube Fruit

“…Histological observation of lungs indicated that supplementation with HJE or NHJE at a high dose (1.5 g/kg BW) attenuated B(a)P-induced lung injury ( Figure 3 C). In addition, H&E-stained lung tissue sections displayed that B(a)P treatment caused disruption of lung architecture [ 36 , 37 , 38 ], including poor arrangement of epithelial cells lining bronchiole and abnormal morphology of alveolar structure (inflated alveolar sacs and thickened or ruptured interalveolar septa). However, the severity of B(a)P-induced histological damage in the lungs was reduced in mice supplemented with HJE or NHJE-H ( Figure 3 D).…”

“…To examine the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of HJE compared with NHJE, a B(a)P-induced acute lung inflammation mouse model was employed [ 2 , 36 , 40 ]. B(a)P is the most common and toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, an environmental pollutant, and reportedly the cause of health problems, such as redox imbalance, respiratory diseases, and cancer [ 41 ].…”

Anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activity of carvacrol in the respiratory system: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…There were eight studies that used the following doses for oral administration: three animal studies used 73 mg/kg (one dose) (Şen et al, 2014); 80 mg kg −1 day −1 (for 7 days) (Ozer et al, 2017); and 25 and 50 mg/kg (for 7 days) ( Barnwal et al, 2018); four studies with humans used a dose of 1.2 mg kg −1 day −1 (all four studies offered carvacrol for 2 months) (Alavinezhad, 2018;Khazdair et al, 2018;Khazdair & Boskabady, 2019a;Khazdair & Boskabady, 2019b); and one study used a dose of 1 or 2 mg kg −1 day −1 (for 1 month) (Ghorani et al, 2019). In administration via nebulization, the concentration was 240 μl in 5 ml of saline solution (one dose) (de Carvalho et al, 2019).…”

“…The most commonly performed analyses used in the studies included in this review were: histopathologic evaluation of the lung tissue (Feng & Jia, 2014;Önal et al, 2011;Ozer et al, 2017;Barnwal et al, 2018;de Carvalho et al, 2019); hematological indexes (Alavinezhad, 2018;Khazdair et al, 2018;de Carvalho et al, 2019) and total and differential white blood cells (WBC) in blood (Mahtaj, Feizpour, et al, 2015;Boskabady & Gholami, 2015;Khazdair et al, 2018;Ghorani et al, 2019); concentration of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α (Feng & Jia, 2014;Önal et al, 2011;Ozer et al, 2017;Khazdair & Boskabady, 2019b), IL-4 (Kianmehr et al, 2016;Jalali et al, 2013;Khazdair & Boskabady, 2019a) (Mahtaj, Feizpour, et al, 2015;Boskabady & Gholami, 2015;Khazdair & Boskabady, 2019a), IFNγ (Kianmehr et al, 2016;Jalali et al, 2013;Khazdair & Boskabady, 2019a), IL-10 (Önal et al, 2011;Khazdair & Boskabady, 2019a), IL-1β (Feng & Jia, 2014;Ozer et al, 2017); concentration of oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) (Mahtaj, Feizpour, et al, 2015;Önal et al, 2011;Şen et al, 2014;Ozer et al, 2017;Khazdair et al, 2018;de Carvalho et al, 2019), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity …”

Phytogenic as feed additive for suckling dairy calves’ has a beneficial effect on animal health and performance

“…essential oils are secondary metabolic of plants used as an interesting alternative to improve animal production (Benchaar et al 2008, Chouhan et al 2017 due to their antibacterial, antifungal, anticoccidial and antioxidant properties (Miguel oil is composed mainly by carvacrol (80 %), a monoterpene with antioxidant and antibacterial properties (Jayakumar et al 2012), as observed for cinnamaldehyde (Helander et al 1998, Barnwal et al 2018).…”