Benzocaine and menthol as anesthetics for the African cichlid Aulonocara nyassae

Ferreira, Andre Lima; Silva, Walisson de Souza e; Neves, Luanna do Carmo; Ferreira, Nathália Soares; Takata, Rodrigo; Luz, Ronald Kennedy

doi:10.1007/s10499-020-00561-w

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Around 73% of the included studies assessed the anaesthetic effects of these compounds in juvenile stages while 30% studied monoterpene anaesthesia in fish adult stages. The time to reach deep anaesthesia ranged from 1.0 min (Ferreira et al, 2021; Pereira‐da‐Silva et al, 2014) to 3.2 min (Araújo et al, 2021; Aydin, 2020) while time for recovery varied from 1.2 min (Ferreira et al, 2020) to 9.7 min (He et al, 2020). The recommended concentration varied from as low as 35 mg/L (Mazandarani & Hoseini, 2017) up to 1600 mg/L (Yousefi, Hoseinifar, et al, 2018).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta‐analytic review of monoterpene for fish anaesthesia

et al. 2023

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The use of anaesthetic agents has been increasing to address the welfare needs of different fish species in scientific and aquaculture practices. MS‐222 is the most used synthetic anaesthetic but some limitations and side effects have been reported. Natural substances have been used as potential substitutes with clove oil playing an important role due to its eugenol content. Yet, other monoterpenes have shown anaesthetic properties in different fish species. As such, a quantitative assessment has been conducted to explicitly relate and summarise the use of monoterpenes with described anaesthetic properties in fish. A combined PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed Central and Europe PMC electronic database search was performed, from January 2002 to August 2022, following the PRISMA guidelines. Out of 1555 articles retrieved from the literature search, 30 English reports met the criteria for inclusion in the meta‐analysis through a generic inverse‐variance method (random‐effects model) and according to the fish age. The findings show a total of 10 different monoterpenes with high homogeneity and effectiveness in inducing anaesthesia and recovery according to the fish anaesthetic criteria. Further subgroup analysis showed these effects were independent of fish age. Meta‐regression of the included studies revealed an inverse linear association between anaesthesia induction and recovery time and water bath temperature while no further correlation was found with other confounding factors (body weight, water pH and dissolved oxygen levels). Although further studies will be required, this meta‐analysis provides robust evidence that different monoterpenes serve as an attractive and effective alternative for fish anaesthesia although water bath temperature also played an important role in anaesthesia outcome.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta‐analytic review of monoterpene for fish anaesthesia

et al. 2023

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“…The compound can be administered by bath exposure, usually in salt form as hydrochloride to ensure solubility. Typical doses range from 10 mg/mL for sedation to 33 mg/L to 125 mg/L for anesthesia and 200 mg/L for euthanization [ 46 ]. The water solubility of non-salt BZ is only 0.4 mg/mL at 20 °C but is almost 1000 times higher in more lipidic solvents such as MeOH and chloroform.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atlantic Salmon Gill Epithelial Cell Line (ASG-10) as a Suitable Model for Xenobiotic Biotransformation

2023

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Fish are exposed to xenobiotics in the water. Uptake occurs mainly through the gills, which function as an exchange point with the environment. The gills’ ability to detoxify harmful compounds by biotransformation is an essential protection mechanism. The enormous numbers of waterborne xenobiotics requiring ecotoxicological assessment makes it necessary to replace in vivo fish studies with predictive in vitro models. Here, we have characterized the metabolic capacity of the ASG-10 gill epithelial cell line from Atlantic salmon. Inducible CYP1A expression was confirmed by enzymatic assays and immunoblotting. The activities of important cytochrome P450 (CYP) and uridine 5’-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes were established using specific substrates and metabolite analysis by liquid chromatography (LC) triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (TQMS). Metabolism of the fish anesthetic benzocaine (BZ) in ASG-10 confirmed esterase and acetyl transferase activities through the production of N-acetylbenzocaine (AcBZ), p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and p-acetaminobenzoic acid (AcPABA). Moreover, we were able to determine hydroxylamine benzocaine (BZOH), benzocaine glucuronide (BZGlcA) and hydroxylamine benzocaine glucuronide (BZ(O)GlcA) by LC high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) fragment pattern analysis for the first time. Comparison to metabolite profiles in hepatic fractions, and in plasma of BZ-euthanized salmon, confirmed the suitability of the ASG-10 cell line for investigating biotransformation in gills.

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“…Fish were then transferred to another 1 L beaker with supplemental aeration (clean water with no anesthetic), to regain normal swimming balance (Small 2003;Ross and Ross 2008), during which recovery time and VF were also evaluated. Fish of the 0 mg L − 1 treatment (control) were monitored for 10 min, as also performed by Ferreira et al (2020).…”

Section: Animals and Environmental Acclimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, anesthetized and/or sedated sh may experience reduced metabolic rates (lower ventilatory rate and ammonia excretion) (Sena et Barbas et al 2020) and reduced physical injury. However, the effects of a given anesthetic are associated with the intrinsic characteristics of the species (Readman et al 2017) and its size (Ribeiro et al 2015;Tarkhani et al 2017;Ferreira et al 2020), which makes previous characterization necessary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative responses in small juveniles of Colossoma macropomum anesthetized and sedated with Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil

Ferreira

Silva

et al. 2023

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This study evaluated the use of essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum (EOOG) for anesthesia and in transport of Colossoma macropomum. Experiment 1, Test 1, anesthesia induction and recovery times were determined using different EOOG concentrations (0, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300 mg L− 1), with two size classes: Juveniles I (0.86 g) and Juveniles II (11.46 g) (independent tests in a completely randomized design). Based on the results of Test 1, in Test 2 Juveniles II were exposed to EOOG concentrations: 0, 20, 100 mg L− 1. Tissue samples were collected immediately after induction and 1 h post-recovery, to assess oxidative status variables. Experiment 2, Juveniles I (0.91 g) and Juveniles II (14.76 g) were submitted to transport in water with different concentrations of EOOG (0, 5, 10 mg L− 1) (independent tests in a completely randomized design). The effects on oxidative status variables were evaluated. Concentrations between 50 and 200 mg L− 1 EOOG can be indicated for Juveniles I, while concentrations between 50 and 100 mg L− 1 EOOG for Juveniles II. The concentration of 100 mg L− 1 EOOG was able to prevent oxidative damage in the liver. In Experiment 2, the concentrations of 5 and 10 mg L− 1 EOOG added to the transport water caused sedation for both studied size classes of juveniles and did not cause oscillations in water quality variables nor any mortality. The concentration of 10 mg L− 1 EOOG improved the oxidative status. It can be concluded that EOOG can be used for anesthesia and transport of C. macropomum.

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Benzocaine and menthol as anesthetics for the African cichlid Aulonocara nyassae

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

A meta‐analytic review of monoterpene for fish anaesthesia

A meta‐analytic review of monoterpene for fish anaesthesia

Atlantic Salmon Gill Epithelial Cell Line (ASG-10) as a Suitable Model for Xenobiotic Biotransformation

Oxidative responses in small juveniles of Colossoma macropomum anesthetized and sedated with Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil

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