Benzoic acid and essential oils modify the cecum microbiota composition in weaned piglets and improve growth performance in finishing pigs

Resende, Maíra; Chaves, Rhuan Filipe; García, Ricardo; Barbosa, J. A. R.; Marques, Athos Silveira; Rezende, Lilian Ribeiro; Peconick, Ana Paula; Garbossa, César Augusto Pospissil; Mesa, Dany; Silva, Claudia Cassimira da; Fascina, Vitor Barbosa; Dias, Francine Taniguchi Falleiros; Cantarelli, Vinícius de Souza

doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104311

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…It was approved at a dose of 0.5-1.0% in swine rearing by the European Union [43]. Benzoic acid supplementation has been reported to regulate the humoral immune response [44] when used as an additive in livestock nutrition. [45] in their research on Effects of Combined Supplementation of Macleaya cordata Extract (MCE) and Benzoic Acid on Immune Responses in Weaned Piglets, reported that Supplementing the diet of weaned piglets with 0.8 or 1.6% benzoic acid reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators TNF-a and IL-6 [46,47] while [48] reported increased serum IL-10 concentration indicating improve humoral immunity of pigs by reducing and increasing proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses respectively [45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antinociceptive effect of aqueous leaves extract of Fagara tessmannii on acetic acid-induced pain in Wistar albino rats

Peters¹,

Nyeche²,

Ali³

2022

World J. Adv. Res. Rev.

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The study was designed to investigate the analgesic effect of the aqueous leaf extract of Fagara tessmannii engl using the acetic acid-induced pain model in Wistar rats. Twenty rats were divided into five groups of four rats each. Group 1 received distilled water while groups 2-5 received 0.2 ml/kg BW of 0.6% intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid 30 mins after treatment with extracts and reference drug and writhing counted. Rats were sacrificed and blood was collected for biochemical and heamatological analyses. Also, Gas chromatography and phytochemical characterization of alkaloids in the aqueous leaf extract were done. The result revealed a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the mean number of writhing in group 4 and non-significant decrease (p≥0.05) in groups 3 and 5 when compared to control group. Percentage inhibition of nociception in groups 3, 4, and 5 were 2%, 41.7%, and 10.5%, respectively. Non-significant differences (p≥0.05) in WBC, lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil counts in groups 5, 4, and 3 were observed when compared to normal and negative control groups. Monocyte count and ESR significantly decreased (p≤0.05) when negative was compared to normal control. CRP, IL-6, and PTG-S1 concentrations significantly increased (p≤0.05) when the negative control group was compared to the normal control. Groups 5 and 4 for CRP and 3 and 4 for IL-6 concentrations were significantly reduced (p≤0.05) while PTG-S1 was none significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner when compared to the negative control. Some abundant alkaloids identified were acetic acid (12.3442%), benzoic acid (11.7984%), phenol, 4-methoxy-, acetate (6.8281), and phenol (4.3901%). Aqueous leaf extract of Fagara tessmannii Engl exhibited antinociceptive potential through the action of bioactive constituents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antinociceptive effect of aqueous leaves extract of Fagara tessmannii on acetic acid-induced pain in Wistar albino rats

Peters¹,

Nyeche²,

Ali³

2022

World J. Adv. Res. Rev.

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“…The transition of the bacterial community was mainly driven by the decreased abundance of the genus of Prevotella and the phylum of Bacteroidetes [ 65 ]. The abundance of Fusicatenibacter , Ruminococcus , and Escherichia-Shigella in pigs fed with a diet containing 90% benzoic acid and 10% essential oil (include thymol, 2-meth-oxyphenol, and eugenol) were significantly ( p < 0.05) increased compared to control (without additive), while Prevotella , and Coprococcus 1 were significantly decreased [ 66 ]. In another piglet trial, 49% benzoic acid supplementation diet was observed with higher abundance of Ruminococcus (False Discovery Rate, FDR < 0.01), Fibrobacteraceae (FDR < 0.05), and Prevotellaceae (FDR < 0.01), bacteria which were confirmed with certain fiber fermenting abilities [ 67 ].…”

Section: Effects Of Food Additives On Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Food Additives on the Abundance and Composition of Gut Microbiota

Zhou

Qiao

et al. 2023

Molecules

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The gut microbiota has been confirmed as an important part in human health, and is even take as an ‘organ’. The interaction between the gut microbiota and host intestinal environment plays a key role in digestion, metabolism, immunity, inflammation, and diseases. The dietary component is a major factor that affects the composition and function of gut microbiota. Food additives have been widely used to improve the color, taste, aroma, texture, and nutritional quality of processed food. The increasing variety and quantity of processed food in diets lead to increased frequency and dose of food additives exposure, especially artificial food additives, which has become a concern of consumers. There are studies focusing on the impact of food additives on the gut microbiota, as long-term exposure to food additives could induce changes in the microbes, and the gut microbiota is related to human health and disease. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the interaction between the gut microbiota and food additives.

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“…Thus, supplemented to feed as dried plant material, as extracts (e.g., essential oils or tannins), alone or in combination with other compounds, such as organic acids, these botanicals (also denoted phytogenic compounds, phytobiotics) represent a strategy aiming, on the one hand, to have antimicrobial effects, but immune-regulating and antioxidant effects may also be involved [ 151 , 152 , 153 ]. Notably, benzoic acid is often seen used in blends [ 154 , 155 , 156 ], and could, in principle, be considered a botanical, because it is a natural constituent of many berries and fruits. However, when used in feed, it is typically categorised as an organic acid.…”

Section: Strategies To Prevent/reduce Post-weaning Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Working with non-challenged piglets, two studies reported significantly positive effects of essential oils on PWD in the immediate post-weaning period [ 154 , 170 ]. Another study [ 169 ] observed that essential oils significantly reduced diarrhoea and improved growth performance in a dose-dependent manner; however, they only reported diarrhoea observations for the full trial period (8 weeks).…”

Section: Strategies To Prevent/reduce Post-weaning Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Preventive Measures to Reduce Post-Weaning Diarrhoea in Piglets

Canibe¹,

Højberg²,

Kongsted³

et al. 2022

Animals

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In many countries, medical levels of zinc (typically as zinc oxide) are added to piglet diets in the first two weeks post-weaning to prevent the development of post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD). However, high levels of zinc constitute an environmental polluting agent, and may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacteria. Consequently, the EU banned administering medical levels of zinc in pig diets as of June 2022. However, this may result in an increased use of antibiotic therapeutics to combat PWD and thereby an increased risk of further AMR development. The search for alternative measures against PWD with a minimum use of antibiotics and in the absence of medical levels of zinc has therefore been intensified over recent years, and feed-related measures, including feed ingredients, feed additives, and feeding strategies, are being intensively investigated. Furthermore, management strategies have been developed and are undoubtedly relevant; however, these will not be addressed in this review. Here, feed measures (and vaccines) are addressed, these being probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, proteobiotics, plants and plant extracts (in particular essential oils and tannins), macroalgae (particularly macroalgae-derived polysaccharides), dietary fibre, antimicrobial peptides, specific amino acids, dietary fatty acids, milk replacers, milk components, creep feed, vaccines, bacteriophages, and single-domain antibodies (nanobodies). The list covers measures with a rather long history and others that require significant development before their eventual use can be extended. To assess the potential of feed-related measures in combating PWD, the literature reviewed here has focused on studies reporting parameters of PWD (i.e., faeces score and/or faeces dry matter content during the first two weeks post-weaning). Although the impact on PWD (or related parameters) of the investigated measures may often be inconsistent, many studies do report positive effects. However, several studies have shown that control pigs do not suffer from diarrhoea, making it difficult to evaluate the biological and practical relevance of these improvements. From the reviewed literature, it is not possible to rank the efficacy of the various measures, and the efficacy most probably depends on a range of factors related to animal genetics and health status, additive doses used, composition of the feed, etc. We conclude that a combination of various measures is probably most recommendable in most situations. However, in this respect, it should be considered that combining strategies may lead to additive (e.g., synbiotics), synergistic (e.g., plant materials), or antagonistic (e.g., algae compounds) effects, requiring detailed knowledge on the modes of action in order to design effective strategies.

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Benzoic acid and essential oils modify the cecum microbiota composition in weaned piglets and improve growth performance in finishing pigs

Cited by 9 publications

References 85 publications

Antinociceptive effect of aqueous leaves extract of Fagara tessmannii on acetic acid-induced pain in Wistar albino rats

Antinociceptive effect of aqueous leaves extract of Fagara tessmannii on acetic acid-induced pain in Wistar albino rats

The Impact of Food Additives on the Abundance and Composition of Gut Microbiota

Review on Preventive Measures to Reduce Post-Weaning Diarrhoea in Piglets

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