“…malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate) and dialkyl-or trialkyl phosphites. 10 Most procedures utilizing the above synthesis route were carried out in the presence of both a catalyst and a solvent. Diethylamine, 11 dibutylamine, 7 triethylamine, 12 dimethylaminopyridine, 13 imidazole, 14 ethylenediamine diacetate, 15 lithium hydroxide, 16 potassium phosphate, 17 magnesium oxide 18 or indium chloride 19 were tried out in ethanol, and iron oxide, 20 iodine 21 or β-cyclodextrin 22 in water.…”