Benzothiazole—An Antifungal Compound Derived from Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum against Mango Anthracnose Pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz and (Sacc.))

Abstract

The present investigation is focused on exploring the possibilities of identifying biomolecules from the fruiting body of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum against the mango anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The fruiting body (cap and stipe portion) of G. lucidum extracted with ethyl acetate solvent at a maximum inhibitory concentration of 1 percent exhibited the maximum mycelial growth inhibition of C. gloeosporioides with 70.10 percent and 40.77 percent, respectively. Furthermore, subjecting the ethyl acetate extracts from the cap portion of G. lucidum through thin layer chromatography (TLC) revealed the presence of two bands with Rf values of 0.38 and 0.35. The compounds eluted from band 1 recorded with the maximum mycelial growth inhibition of C. gloeosporioides by 53.77 percent followed by band 2 (46.33 percent) using an agar well diffusion test. Similarly, the analysis of ethyl acetate extracts from the cap portion of G. lucidum through Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) revealed the presence of the organoheterocyclic compound benzothiazole, as expressed in the highest peak area at 22.03 RT with the highest probability percentage (97%). Confirmation of the antifungal nature of benzothiazole was obtained by testing the standard sample of benzothiazole which showed a cent percent of inhibition on mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides at 50 ppm minimum fungicidal concentration. Furthermore, benzothiazole caused abnormality in the mycelial structures, viz., distortion, shrinkage, clumping of mycelium, conidial malformation, and complete arrestment of conidial germination of C. gloeosporioides as observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy. The research on biomolecular extract of G. lucidum could be a novel and interesting concept for the possibility in suppression of plant pathogenic microbes in the natural field.

An Oxidoreductase-like Protein is Required for Verticillium dahliae Infection and Participates in the Metabolism of Host Plant Defensive Compounds

“…37,38 Plant organic heterocyclic compounds are another kind of secondary metabolite that exhibit antimicrobial activity. 39,40 In this study, metabolomic analysis revealed that the levels of 10 organic heterocyclic compounds and 4 phenylpropanoids were significantly increased in ΔVdOrlp-infected plants than in wild-type plants. Gayoso et al showed that the levels of phenylpropanoid metabolic products, including ferulic acid, vanillin, and p-coumaric acid, were significantly increased in tomato resistant to V. dahliae after fungal infection.…”

“…This adaptation increases the host’s resilience to changes in external environments. , The inhibitory effects of phenylpropanoids, such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, naringin, and quercetin, on V. dahliae have been observed. , Plant organic heterocyclic compounds are another kind of secondary metabolite that exhibit antimicrobial activity. , In this study, metabolomic analysis revealed that the levels of 10 organic heterocyclic compounds and 4 phenylpropanoids were significantly increased in Δ VdOrlp -infected plants than in wild-type plants. Gayoso et al showed that the levels of phenylpropanoid metabolic products, including ferulic acid, vanillin, and p -coumaric acid, were significantly increased in tomato resistant to V.…”

Unearthing the therapeutic benefits of culinary‐medicinal mushrooms for humans: Emerging sustainable bioresources of 21st century

“…This extract exhibited potent antimicrobial properties toward different human pathogenic microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Epidermophyton floccosum (dermatophyte). A recent study was designed to evaluate the antifungal effectiveness of G. lucidum against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which causes mango anthracnose disease [130]. After being extracted from the fruiting body of G. lucidum using an ethyl acetate solvent, the organic component benzothiazole (50 ppm) demonstrated inhibition of the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides.…”

“…A recent study was designed to evaluate the antifungal effectiveness of G . lucidum against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides , which causes mango anthracnose disease [130]. After being extracted from the fruiting body of G. lucidum using an ethyl acetate solvent, the organic component benzothiazole (50 ppm) demonstrated inhibition of the mycelial growth of C .…”