Benzotriazole (BT) and BT plant metabolites in crops irrigated with recycled water

Lefèvre, Grégory; Lipsky, Alicia; Hyland, Katherine C.; Blaine, Andrea C.; Higgins, Christopher P.; Luthy, Richard G.

doi:10.1039/c6ew00270f

Cited by 33 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Biofilter mesocosms are exposed to three storm events with seven days of treatment time in between and then monitored for an additional 21 days. This study hypothesizes that vegetation will improve biofilter mesocosm performance and that BT will be taken up by C. praegracilis and metabolized yielding similar metabolites as observed previously [33,40]. This study demonstrates that significant masses of BT and BT metabolites were observed in C. praegracilis and that a substantial missing sink of BT developed in the vegetated biofilters after the conclusion of the storm events.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…BT and GBT were detected in the both C. praegracilis leaf and root tissue in the control biofilters (Figure 6a-d), indicating that BT is able to accumulate in C. praegracilis even at low background concentrations. The detection of BT is most likely due to the exposure of the control biofilter mesocosms to BT spiked stormwater during the preliminary tests (Appendix B) as well as continued exposure from low ambient concentrations in the tap water [33,40]. This indicates that BT is able to accumulate in C. praegracilis, even at low background concentrations, and that BT and GBT are able to persist in vegetation for extended periods of time.…”

Section: Bt and Bt Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Benzotriazole Uptake and Removal in Vegetated Biofilter Mesocosms Planted with Carex Praegracilis

Pritchard¹,

Cho²,

Ashoori³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Urban stormwater runoff is a significant source of pollutants into surface water bodies. One such pollutant, 1H-benzotriazole, is a persistent, recalcitrant trace organic contaminant commonly used as a corrosion inhibitor in airplane deicing processes, automobile liquids, and engine coolants. This study explored the removal of 1H-benzotriazole from stormwater using bench-scale biofilter mesocosms planted with California native sedge, Carex praegracilis, over a series of three storm events and monitoring period. Benzotriazole metabolites glycosylated benzotriazole and benzotriazole alanine were detected and benzotriazole and glycosylated benzotriazole partitioning in the system were quantified. With a treatment length of seven days, 97.1% of benzotriazole was removed from stormwater effluent from vegetated biofilter mesocosms. Significant concentrations of benzotriazole and glycosylated benzotriazole were observed in the C. praegracilis leaf and root tissue. Additionally, a significant missing sink of benzotriazole developed in the vegetated biofilter mesocosms. This study suggests that vegetation may increase the operating lifespan of bioretention basins by enhancing degradation of dissolved trace organic contaminants, thus increasing the sorption capacity of the geomedia.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Bt and Bt Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Benzotriazole Uptake and Removal in Vegetated Biofilter Mesocosms Planted with Carex Praegracilis

Pritchard¹,

Cho²,

Ashoori³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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show abstract

“…It has been suggested that duckweeds may remove BZT from water (Gatidou et al., ), and other plants are already known to metabolize BZT (e.g., LeFevre et al., , ). We saw stronger decreases in BZT when salt was absent, which could be due to enhanced plant growth and therefore greater biotransformation, or the reverse: greater biotransformation at low salt facilitated enhanced duckweed growth and survival (Figs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience to multiple stressors in an aquatic plant and its microbiome

O'Brien

Luo

et al. 2019

American J of Botany

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Premise Outcomes of species interactions, especially mutualisms, are notoriously dependent on environmental context, and environments are changing rapidly. Studies have investigated how mutualisms respond to or ameliorate anthropogenic environmental changes, but most have focused on nutrient pollution or climate change and tested stressors one at a time. Relatively little is known about how mutualisms may be altered by or buffer the effects of multiple chemical contaminants, which differ fundamentally from nutrient or climate stressors and are especially widespread in aquatic habitats. Methods We investigated the impacts of two contaminants on interactions between the duckweed Lemna minor and its microbiome. Sodium chloride (salt) and benzotriazole (a corrosion inhibitor) often co‐occur in runoff to water bodies where duckweeds reside. We tested three L. minor genotypes with and without the culturable portion of their microbiome across field‐realistic gradients of salt (3 levels) and benzotriazole (4 levels) in a fully factorial experiment (24 treatments, tested on each genotype) and measured plant and microbial growth. Results Stressors had conditional effects. Salt decreased both plant and microbial growth and decreased plant survival more as benzotriazole concentrations increased. In contrast, benzotriazole did not affect microbial abundance and even benefited plants when salt and microbes were absent, perhaps due to biotransformation into growth‐promoting compounds. Microbes did not ameliorate duckweed stressors; microbial inoculation increased plant growth, but not at high salt concentrations. Conclusions Our results suggest that multiple stressors matter when predicting responses of mutualisms to global change and that beneficial microbes may not always buffer hosts against stress.

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“…In our previous study, we found that 17 -estradiol, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, estrone, triclosan, acetaminophen, caffeine, carbadox and lamotrigine were extensively metabolized in the radish plants with the mass recoveries ranging from 3.0 to 32.1% after 7 days of hydroponic exposure (Li et al, 2018). In some cases, the amount of formed metabolites can even be greater than the accumulated parent compounds (Goldstein et al, 2014;LeFevre et al, 2017;LeFevre et al, 2015;Macherius et al, 2012a;Malchi et al, 2014;Riemenschneider et al, 2017). For example, Macherius et al (2012a) reported that the total amount of eight phase-II triclosan conjugates was about 5 times that of triclosan in carrot roots after twomonth growth in soil.…”

Section: Plant Uptakementioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into the distribution of pharmaceuticals in soil-water-plant systems

et al. 2019

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Pharmaceuticals in agricultural soils originating from irrigation with treated wastewater and landapplied biosolids can enter field crops. However, little is known about the role of pore water in plant uptake of pharmaceuticals from soil. In this study, the fate, uptake and distribution of fifteen commonly used pharmaceuticals in soil-water-radish systems were investigated to examine the relationship between the accumulation and their physicochemical processes in soils. The results indicate that the distribution of pharmaceuticals between soil and pore water, as well as their biodegradation, combined to govern the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals to plant uptake. Fourteen out of 15 pharmaceuticals could enter radish tissues in which the accumulation ranged from 2.1 to 14080 ng/g. Comparison of bioconcentration factors (BCFs) on the basis of pharmaceutical concentration in bulk soil vs. in pore water implies that pharmaceuticals present in soil pore water are the major bioavailable fractions to plant uptake. The pore water-based BCFs exhibited a positive linear relationship with log Dow for the pharmaceuticals with > 90% as neutral species in soil pore water, while such relationship was not observed between bulk soil-based BCFs and log Dow mainly due to sorption by soil. Other than hydrophobicity, the dissociation of ionizable pharmaceuticals in the soil pore water and (or) root cells may lead to the "ion-trap" effects and thus influence the uptake and translocation process. The large molecular size pharmaceuticals (e.g., tylosin) manifested a minimum uptake due plausibly to the limited permeability of cell membranes.

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Benzotriazole (BT) and BT plant metabolites in crops irrigated with recycled water

Abstract: Novel benzotriazole plant metabolites were quantified for the first time in crops irrigated with recycled water, demonstrating an exposure route.

Cited by 33 publications

References 72 publications

Benzotriazole Uptake and Removal in Vegetated Biofilter Mesocosms Planted with Carex Praegracilis

Benzotriazole Uptake and Removal in Vegetated Biofilter Mesocosms Planted with Carex Praegracilis

Resilience to multiple stressors in an aquatic plant and its microbiome

Insight into the distribution of pharmaceuticals in soil-water-plant systems

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