“…Elevated levels of HMGB-1 were also observed in the liver biopsy samples from human alcoholic individuals compared to normal subjects . Elevated release of HMGB-1 and damage signaling were also observed in HFDexposed rats , APAP-induced DILI (Cai et al, 2014), and I/R injury (Kamo et al, 2013), although a few exceptions exist. For instance, one report indicated that hepatocyte-specific deletion of HMGB-1 worsens I/R liver injury , suggesting that HMGB-1 may play a dual role in regulating the cellular immune function, depending on the cellular context.…”