�ber die Ateml�hmung durch Tetrodotoxin

Sakai, Fuminori; Sato, Atsushige; Uraguchi, Kenji

doi:10.1007/bf00247699

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The last finding was also noted by Sakai, Sato and Uraguchi [1961]. It appears that the medullary respiratory motor neurones continued to fire for some time after the paralysis of respiratory muscles in tetrodotoxin poisoning; therefore the respiratory inhibition could not be explained as being due to direct inhibition of the respiratory centres.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

The Failure of Respiration in Death by Tetrodotoxin Poisoning

1968

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After intravenous injection of tetrodotoxin in a dose which led to respiratory failure in the rat, the phrenic nerve continued to convey massive bursts of nerve impulses from the medullary centre for some time after cessation of respiratory movement, contraction of diaphragm and diaphragmatic muscle action potentials. In artificially ventilated intact rats the contractile response of a hemidiaphragm to indirect and direct stimulation diminished and disappeared together when tetrodotoxin was injected intravenously. In curarized rats, the response to direct stimulation disappeared when tetrodotoxin was given. In artificially ventilated rats which had one phrenic nerve cut 2 months previously, the contractile response of the denervated hemidiaphragm to direct stimulation and that of the intact opposite hemidiaphragm to indirect stimulation both diminished and stopped after the administration of tetrodotoxin. Action potentials were elicited from the biceps brachii muscle and its motor nerve following stimulation of the motor cortex; after injection of tetrodotoxin, both nerve and muscle action potentials diminished and disappeared together. It appears from the evidence presented that the failure of respiration in tetrodotoxin poisoning is due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles which were apparently more susceptible to the action of tetrodotoxin than the respiratory and other motor nerves or the non‐respiratory striated muscles.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

The Failure of Respiration in Death by Tetrodotoxin Poisoning

1968

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“…These effects produced by the major and minor toxins are indistinguishable from those seen when saxitoxin is infused slowly into anaesthetized cats or rabbits (Evans, 1965) and are also similar to those seen when tetrodotoxin is given to rats (Sakai, Sato & Uraguchi, 1961;Cheng, Ling & Wang, 1968).…”

Section: Effects On the Blood Pressure And Respiration Of Rabbitsmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…The respiratory paralysis was found to be due to a direct action of the toxins on the respiratory muscles or nerve terminals; the medullary centres were not depressed after intravenous administration. In this respect also, the toxins resemble saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin (Sakai, Sato & Uraguchi, 1961;Evans, 1965;Cheng et al, 1968).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two toxins from a poisonous sample of mussels Mytilus edulis

Evans

1970

British J Pharmacology

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Summary1. A crude preparation of toxin was extracted from a sample of mussels Mytilus edulis, part of a batch responsible for many cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning. 2. The crude extract was partially purified by absorption on sodium Amberlite ion-exchange resin. Two toxins were recovered by elution from the Amberlite, and purified further by gel filtration. 3. One toxin closely resembled saxitoxin in its behaviour on Amberlite and in its biological effects. 4. The other toxin behaved quite differently on the Amberlite. Its molecule was small, comparable in size with saxitoxin. It was not tetrodotoxin. Its biological effects were similar, but not identical, to those of saxitoxin: it paralysed muscular contraction and inhibited conduction along nerves ; it caused death of experimental animals by producing a peripheral paralysis of respiration; it did not depolarize the membrane of frog skeletal muscle fibres, but acted by preventing a stimulus from initiating a conducted action potential. 5. The biological effects of the second toxin suggest that, like saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin, it is an inhibitor of inward sodium ion movement through electrically excitable membranes.

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“…At a dose of 4000 μg/kg, neither KmTx 1 nor KmTx 3 caused any perceptible effect in mice. This may be compared with the acute oral toxicities of seafood contaminants that are known to cause toxic ef fects in humans, such as Pacific ciguatoxin 1 (LD 50 0.22 μg/kg; Lewis et al, 1993), brevetoxin 2 (LD 50 200 μg/kg; Baden and Mende, 1982), palytoxin (LD 50 510 μg/kg; Munday, 2006) and tetrodotoxin (LD 50 332 μg/kg; Sakai et al, 1961). While toxic K. veneficum is poorly filtered by juvenile oysters, no karlotoxin was detected in oyster tissues after being fed for 5 days on toxic strains (Brownlee et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute toxicity of karlotoxins to mice

Place¹,

Munday²,

Munday³

2014

Toxicon

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Karlotoxins, polyketide derivatives produced by the dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum, are associated with fish kills in temperate estuaries world wide. In this study, the acute effects of 3 pure karlotoxin analogs (KmTx 1, KmTx 3 and KmTx 2) have been examined in mice. Transient lethargy and increased respiratory rates were observed soon after dosing with the karlotoxins by intraperitoneal injection, but no deaths were recorded in animals dosed with KmTx 2 at up to 500 μg/kg or with KmTx 1 or KmTx 3 at up to 4000 μg/kg. Animals dosed intraperitoneally with KmTx 1 and KmTx 3 at 4000 μg/kg showed a pronounced decrease in food and water intake, lasting 3–4 days after dosing, accompanied by a significant decrease in body weight. After this time, the lost body weight was regained and the behavior and appearance of the mice remained normal throughout the following 10 day observation period. No effects were seen in mice dosed orally with KmTx 1 or KmTx 3 at a dose of 4000 μg/kg. It is concluded that contamination of seafood if it were to occur with these karlotoxins is unlikely to pose a major risk of acute intoxication in consumers.

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�ber die Ateml�hmung durch Tetrodotoxin

Cited by 11 publications

References 5 publications

The Failure of Respiration in Death by Tetrodotoxin Poisoning

The Failure of Respiration in Death by Tetrodotoxin Poisoning

Two toxins from a poisonous sample of mussels Mytilus edulis

Acute toxicity of karlotoxins to mice

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