Bergmann’s rule inMicrolophuslizards: testing for latitudinal and climatic gradients of body size

Abstract

Broadscale environmental gradients exert selection pressures that can result in macroevolutionary patterns of phenotypic diversity. Bergmann's rule, one of the most studied ecogeographical patterns, states that among related species or populations, larger body sizes should occur at higher latitudes or colder climates given the efficacy of larger sizes to conserve heat. However, there is still much debate regarding the mechanisms that underlie the rule and whether they should be different between endotherms and ectotherms. Here we test for Bergmann's rule in Microlophus lizards, a genus distributed in western South America and the Galapagos Islands, and test for associations between body size and climatic variables. Our results indicate that mainland Microlophus species follow Bergmann's rule, meaning that larger species are found towards the southernmost latitudes encompassed by the genus' distribution. This relationship was similar for males and females, suggesting that patterns of sexual size dimorphism are not driven by differing latitudinal gradients of body size between the sexes. We identified negative associations between body size and temperature, precipitation, and isothermality, meaning that larger species are found in colder, drier, and more thermally variable environments. We discuss the possible mechanisms behind this pattern, the implications of insularity and ecology for the evolution of body size in this genus, and emphasize the need for additional natural history information to allow for the elucidation of the mechanisms behind the patterns presented in this work.

Viviparity imparts a macroevolutionary signature of ecological opportunity in Liolaemus lizards

“…Crucially, however, the pathways linking parity mode and body size evolution are potentially complex and imbricating. Although viviparity can be associated with shifts in body size 21 , live birth is simultaneously associated with low environmental temperatures 22,23 , which is a good predictor of larger body sizes in endothermic animals (Bergmann's rule [24][25][26] ) and some ectothermic vertebrates [27][28][29] . Low environmental temperatures tend to be, in turn, associated with the use of saxicolous (i.e., rocky) substrates for thermoregulation 30,31 and with certain diet preferences 32 , two features also recognized as drivers of shifts in animal body size 33,34 .…”