The present state of scholarship in twentieth-and twenty-first-century rhetoric studies is diverse. Rhetoric, in multiple guises, has permeated a variety of academic disciplines, such as advertising, anthropology, classics, communication, critical theory, economics, ethnic studies, law, literary studies, management, marketing, medicine, natural sciences, philosophy, psychology, rhetoric and composition, theater, theology, transnational politics, and women's and gender studies. Because tracing scholarship in all these disciplines is beyond the scope of this book, this chapter focuses on the diversity of the twentieth-and twentyfirst-century scholarship that informs rhetoric and composition studies. Thanks in part to this field's emergence in the mid-1960s,* rhetoric scholarship exploded during the 1970s and dispersed during the 1980s, 1990s, and 185 * Rhetorical studies traditionally focused on the integrated arts of speaking, reading, writing, and listening. But in 1914, speaking and listening split from reading and writing when public speaking professionals (influenced by a German model of the university that favored disciplinary departments) seceded from NCTE. Consequently, rhetorical studies split into two departments: speech (focusing primarily on speaking) and English (focusing primarily on reading), with listening and writing relegated to secondary status, respectively. During two world wars and the 1950s boom, this split became institutionalized within U.S. universities. English professors taught great literature, simply assuming students could write, but the increased enrollments in the 1960s exposed the myth of this assumption. Consequently, scholars and teachers organized to seek theories and methods for training writing teachers and for teaching students to write. Because rhetorical studies was one site where such theories and methods were rediscovered, rhetorical studies was revived as rhetoric and composition studies in English departments by scholars such as Edward P. J. Corbett, James Kinneavy, and Winifred Bryan Horner-all of whom are now heralded as pioneers of rhetoric and composition-primarily to ground composition pedagogy. Since the mid-1960s, however, rhetoric and composition studies have greatly diversified. kr ista ratcliffe 2000s. To map this dispersion, this chapter offers a 2009 snapshot of scholarship that both updates existing research areas from previous editions of this book and also identifies new research areas. As with all snapshots, this one leaves some scholarly landscape hovering outside the frame of this chapter. For example, research areas (such as rhetoric and disability studies) do not have separate sections here. Other research areas (such as rhetoric and hermeneutics) do not have separate sections here but are present in earlier editions of this book (1983 and 1990), which readers are encouraged to consult. The value of this 2009 snapshot lies not simply in the nineteen updated or newly identified research areas but especially in the generous contributions of noted schol...