Bernardino Ramazzini in the fourth industrial revolution

Bernardino Ramazzini’s <i>De Morbis Artificum Diatriba</i> on Workers’ Health—the Birth of a New Discipline

“…The time had not yet come to implement measures to protect workers' health, and the Diatriba was forgotten until the nineteenth century, when new health problems were thrust up by the Industrial Revolution [39]. Many years later, and even in recent times, the lessons of Ramazzini have been considered worthy to be resumed [40][41][42][43][44]. While it is not easy to assess and compare observations and discoveries made at different historical times, the evaluation of the relationship between past observations and present practices is a source of stimulus and encouragement to improve the present.…”

G. B. Morgagni (1682–1771): His contributions to occupational health

“…3 Both physicians came from the same geographic area, the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna, in the northeast of Italy, and, they shared the same medical approach, based on neo-Hippocratic and iatro-mechanical theories, trying to connect symptoms and pathological alterations to causes, including occupational ones. 4,5 In his masterpiece, Morgagni frequently cited Ramazzini-named "Ramazzinus noster" (i.e., "our friend Ramazzini") (I, VII, 14) 6 -demonstrating a deep knowledge of his writings.…”

Noise-induced hearing loss in the pre-industrial era: early contributions in De Morbis Artificum by Bernardino Ramazzini (1633–1714)

“…4 However, noise-induced hearing loss has been described in pre-industrial literature, particularly in the work of the Italian physician Bernardino Ramazzini, who is universally credited as the founder of occupational medicine. [5][6][7] Ramazzini was born in Carpi, Italy, in 1633. After his medical graduation in 1659 in Parma, he worked as a physician in Rome and in the Duchy of Castro, a vassal state to the Papal States.…”