Berthing Assistant System Using Reference Points

Mentjes, Jan; Wiards, Hilko; Feuerstack, Sebastian

doi:10.3390/jmse10030385

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The focus of this work is on the container flow, which is realised with the help of container cranes. In addition to container handling, LiDAR systems are also successfully used in the port environment for other tasks such as ship berthing [7,8] or on autonomous vehicles [9] in the terminal. However, these LiDAR systems are not directly related to the container flow and are therefore not the subject of this work.…”

Section: Application Field: Automated Container Terminalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chances and Challenges: Transformation from a Laser-Based to a Camera-Based Container Crane Automation System

Benkert,

Maack,

Meisen

2023

JMSE

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In recent years, a steady increase in maritime business and annual container throughput has been recorded. To meet this growing demand, terminal operators worldwide are turning to automated container handling. For the automated operation of a crane, a reliable capture of the environment is required. In current state-of-the-art applications this is mostly achieved with light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors. These sensors enable precise three-dimensional sampling of the surroundings, even at great distances. However, the use of LiDAR sensors has a number of disadvantages, such as high acquisition costs and limited mounting positions. This raises the question of whether the LiDAR systems of automated container terminals (ACT) can be replaced with cameras. However, this transformation is not easy to accomplish and is explored in more depth in this paper. The field of camera-based container automation presented in this publication is largely unexplored. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no automated container terminal in real-world operation that exclusively uses cameras. This publication aims to create a basis for further scientific research towards the goal of a fully camera-based container automation. Therefore, the authors present a narrative review providing a broad overview of the mentioned transformation, identifying research gaps, and suggesting areas for future research. In order to achieve this, this publication examines the fundamentals of an automated container terminal, the existing automation solutions and sensor technologies, as well as the opportunities and challenges of a transformation from LiDAR to camera.

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Section: Application Field: Automated Container Terminalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chances and Challenges: Transformation from a Laser-Based to a Camera-Based Container Crane Automation System

Benkert,

Maack,

Meisen

2023

JMSE

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“…According to the mooring arrangement, automated mooring branched into two types, with and without the cable [16,17]. Jan et al [18] proposed a shore-based, ship-independent mooring aid that supports master and pilot maneuvering in tight harbor pools and inclement weather by measuring distance and speed to determine precise mooring positions through reference points aligned with dock metrics, thus meeting the challenges of damage that can be caused by too-rapid approaches and steep angles of attack. Chen et al [19] analyzed and calculated the ship's heading and normal vector, determined the bow and stern position using feature points, obtained the line segment between the ship and the pier with the help of the area growth method, and applied a visibility analysis to identify the bow and stern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Analysis for Estimation of Mooring Force Acting on Various Ships in Busan New Port

Yan,

Oh,

Seo

2023

JMSE

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Recently, smart port systems connected to autonomous ships have attracted increasing interest. Thus, an intelligent port system can automatically berth to create an intelligent port system. To ensure the safety of large ships moored in open coastal terminals, which are often subjected to bad weather such as strong winds, it is necessary to calculate and evaluate their mooring security on a case-by-case basis. In this study, the mooring capacities of the large ships were estimated according to the port and fishing port design criteria of the Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries. Under the wind speed of 14 m/s, the longitudinal and lateral forces acting on the JBC, KCS, and KVLCC ships are 41.2 and 340 kN, 38.7 and 837 kN, and 77.2 and 222 kN, while under the wind speed of 30 m/s, they are 43 and 1674 kN, 132.7 and 4118 kN, and 159.2 and 1091 kN, respectively, for the mooring forces.

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“…Angular displacement measurement is widely used in the shipbuilding industry [7,8] to provide an estimation of the ship test [9], ship turning performance [10], underwater transmission [11], localization and detection of targets in underwater [12], mooring lines [13] and a berthing assistant system [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling, Linearity Analysis and Optimization of an Inductive Angular Displacement Sensor Based on Magnetic Focusing in Ships

Wang

et al. 2023

JMSE

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A sensor for measuring the crankshaft angle of the main engine in ships is designed. Compared with the existing crankshaft angle encoder, this design’s advantage is that there is no need to add a gear system at the free end of the crankshaft, reducing machining complexity. The purpose of providing high angle resolution over a wide speed range is achieved. Inductive angular displacement sensors (IADSs) require an eddy current magnetic field as a medium to generate the induced voltage. The induced voltage also requires a complex linearization calculation to obtain a linear relationship between angle and voltage. Therefore, a model of the inductive angular displacement sensor based on magnetic focusing (IADSMF) is proposed. Magnetic focusing is introduced into the IADS to replace the eddy current magnetic field with a focusing magnetic field. The main disadvantage of traditional IADSs, which is that they cannot reduce the eddy current magnetic field, is mitigated. An approximate square−shaped focusing magnetic field (12.4 × 12.4 mm2) is formed using the magnetic field constraint of the magnetic conductor. When the receiving coil undergoes a position change relative to the square−shaped focusing magnetic field, the voltage generated via the receiving coil is measured using the electromagnetic induction principle to achieve angular displacement measurement. A mathematical model of the IADSMF is derived. Induced voltages at different frequencies and rotational speeds are simulated and analyzed via MATLAB. The results show that frequency is the main factor affecting the induced voltage amplitude. The sensitivity of the IADSMF is 0.2023 mV/°. The resolution and measurement of the IADSMF range from 0.06° and 0–360°. Compared with a conventional planar coil−based IADS, the eddy current loss is reduced from 2.1304 to 0.3625 W. Direct linearization of the angular displacement with the induced voltage is achieved through designing a square−shaped focusing field and receiving coil. After optimizing the sensor structure with the optimization algorithm, the linearity error is 0.6012%. Finally, this sensor provides a theoretical basis and research ideas for IADS development in ships and navigation.

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Berthing Assistant System Using Reference Points

Cited by 18 publications

References 22 publications

Chances and Challenges: Transformation from a Laser-Based to a Camera-Based Container Crane Automation System

Chances and Challenges: Transformation from a Laser-Based to a Camera-Based Container Crane Automation System

Computational Analysis for Estimation of Mooring Force Acting on Various Ships in Busan New Port

Modelling, Linearity Analysis and Optimization of an Inductive Angular Displacement Sensor Based on Magnetic Focusing in Ships

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