Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis

Costello, Anna B.; Osborne, Jason W.

doi:10.7275/jyj1-4868

Cited by 1,768 publications

(847 citation statements)

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“…Some predictors are measured at the organizational level, but these are considered to be influences upon the individual's engagement decisions and do not therefore necessitate a need for clustering.3 EFA can be used as an analytical tool in and of itself(Costello & Osborne, 2005;Rummel, 1970) or it can be used as an intermediary step in a larger analytical process, often to create independent or dependent variables that are more amenable to analysis(Santos, 1999). The latter approach is used in this research.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…KMO measures for all items were above 0.70, which is acceptable for this research(Kaiser, 1974). The overall KMO score was 0.80, which is considered "meritorious" and more than sufficient for factor analysis.5Costello and Osborne (2005) note that due to the nature of social science data, traditional break points utilized in physical science research for retaining factors should be relaxed. Therefore, two factors with eigenvalues above 1.0 were retained in this analysis and all components with rotated factor loadings above 0.60 were included(Kaiser, 1958).6 Because the categorical variable for the sector was included as a series of dummy variables, only k−1 variable can be included in the final model.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Winners and losers: Conflict management through strategic policy engagement

Olofsson

2021

Review of Policy Research

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In high-conflict policy debates, individuals often make strategic decisions about the ways in which they engage in efforts to influence the direction of the debate. Some individuals act to expand the scope of the conflict, whereas others would prefer to contain the scope of the conflict and maintain status quo. This study empirically examines the relationship between activities of political engagement and goals of conflict expansion or containment in a particular setting in which there are clear "winners" and "losers." This research first explores the tactics an individual undertakes as either conflict expansion or containment. The patterns uncovered are then tested against sectoral affiliation, to draw conclusions about key factors that explain some variation in policy engagement. Findings confirm that there are predictable patterns to engagement decisions, paving the way for future testing in different policy arrangements.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Winners and losers: Conflict management through strategic policy engagement

Olofsson

2021

Review of Policy Research

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“…To test whether an instrument is also suitable for a different target group, a CFA should be used ( Costello and Osborne, 2005 ). Since the instrument should also be used with, for example, students with learning disabilities, it should be tested on a group of special needs students in study 3 and the factor structure should be re-examined.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature Interest Scale – Development and Evaluation of a Measurement Instrument for Individual Interest in Nature

et al. 2021

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Interest is an important factor for successful learning that has been the subject of intensive research for decades. Although interest in nature is of great importance for environmental education, to date there is no valid and reliable measurement tool. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop and test a scale for interest in nature, the Nature Interest Scale (NIS). In study 1, nine items were selected based on the three dimensions of the psychological interest construct to represent interest in nature. The factor structure of this new measurement instrument, was tested using confirmatory factor analyses. The results show that the instrument represents the three dimensions of the interest construct well. In study 2 the validity (discriminant and convergent validity) as well as the reliability (internal consistency, composite reliability, test-retest reliability) of the NIS were demonstrated. In study 3, the applicability of the NIS was tested with a different target group, students with learning disabilities. The results of this factor analysis also confirm the factor structure of the scale. Thus, this study provides a valid and reliable measurement tool for individual interest in nature that can be used for future research.

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“…Based on the EFA, factor loadings for all items ranged from 0.409 (AC-1) to 0.899 (AC-4; see Table 3). Seven items displayed have lower than 0.4 factor loadings (AC-3: We are effective in transforming existing information into new knowledge, RA-2: The company's financial capital, MT-2: Our customers tend to look for a new product all the time, MT-3: We are witnessing demand for our products and service from customers who never bought them before, TT-4: A large number of new product ideas have been made possible through technological breakthroughs in our industry, and CE-1: Our firm's reconfiguration built heavily on prior technology), which were not considered for further analysis to ensure the quality of the measures (Costello & Osborne, 2005). Although one item of CE (CE-4: Simple adjustments to existing technology), two items of AC (i.e., AC-1: We have effective routines to identify, value, and import new information and knowledge, AC-2: We have adequate routines to assimilate new information and knowledge), three items of CI (i.e., CI-1: Competition in our industry is cutthroat, CI-2: There are many "promotion wars" in our industry, CI-3: Anything that one competitor can offer, others can match readily), and one item of MT (typically MT-1: In our kind of business, customer's product preferences change quite a bit over time) fell below the minimum of 0.5 as a common cutoff point (Anderson & Gerbing, 1988), they still satisfied the criteria of 0.4 set by other work such as Hair et al (2010).…”

Section: Exploratory Factor Analysis (Efa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

How Capability Reconfiguration in Coping With External Dynamism Can Shape the Performance of the Vietnamese Enterprises

Vo-Thai

Tran

2021

Sage Open

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The purpose of this study is to examine the direct and moderating effects of internal endowment and external dynamism on capability reconfiguration, which in turn has a positive impact on a firm’s post-reconfiguration performance. A researcher-designed survey questionnaire was developed based on multiple works and subsequently administered with a final sample of 266 Vietnamese small and medium enterprises engaged in manufacturing industries. As a result, we find that internal endowment and external dynamism positively impact a firm’s capability reconfiguration and post-reconfiguration performance consequently. This empirical research provides four major contributions that supplement the extant literature. First, the internal endowment sponsored by resource abundance and absorptive capacity enables both a firm’s capability evolution and capability substitution. Second, the external dynamism in terms of market turbulence, technology turbulence, and competitive intensity directly affects the enterprise’s capability reconfiguration and positively moderates the relationship between internal endowment and capability reconfiguration. Third, this study demonstrates that the firm’s engagement on capability reconfiguration once in line with external and internal factors can help maintain its post-reconfiguration performance. Finally, the primary data collected in Vietnam offers a firsthand investigation of the catching-up economy to be compared with the research findings available in developed countries.

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Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis

Cited by 1,768 publications

References 0 publications

Winners and losers: Conflict management through strategic policy engagement

Winners and losers: Conflict management through strategic policy engagement

Nature Interest Scale – Development and Evaluation of a Measurement Instrument for Individual Interest in Nature

How Capability Reconfiguration in Coping With External Dynamism Can Shape the Performance of the Vietnamese Enterprises

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