BET surface area measurement of commercial magnesium stearate by krypton adsorption in preference to nitrogen adsorption

Lapham, Darren P.; Lapham, Julie L.

doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118522

Cited by 33 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The BET graph shows the relationship between the adsorption of N 2 gas (1/[X (P 0 /P)−1]) and the relative pressure (P/P 0 ) applied, showing a positive linear behavior which indicates an improved rate of adsorption with increasing relative pressure. The results we obtained from the BET tests are encouraging and thus provide us with the required data for a Fe 3 O 4 NHS to be applied on TNT wastewater as an adsorbent tool [ 45 , 46 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Synthesis of Magnetic Fe3O4 Nano Hollow Spheres for Industrial TNT Wastewater Treatment

et al. 2022

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The aim of the present work was to synthesize magnetite (Fe3O4) nano hollow spheres (NHS) via simple, one-pot, template-free, hydrothermal method. The structural, morphological, and surface analysis of Fe3O4 NHS were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction technique (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR and burner-Emmett-teller (BET). The as obtained magnetic (Fe3O4) NHS were used as an adsorbent for treating industrial trinitrotoluene (TNT) wastewater to reduce its Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values. Adsorption capacity (Qe) of the NHS obtained is 70 mg/g, confirming the attractive forces present between adsorbent (Fe3O4 NHS) and adsorbate (TNT wastewater). COD value of TNT wastewater was reduced to >92% in 2 h at room temperature. The adsorption capacity of Fe3O4 NHS was observed as a function of time, initial concentration, pH, and temperature. The applied Fe3O4 NHS was recovered for reuse by simply manipulating its magnetic properties with slight shift in pH of the solution. A modest decrease in Qe (5.0–15.1%) was observed after each cycle. The novel Fe3O4 NHS could be an excellent candidate for treating wastewater generated by the intermediate processes during cyclonite, cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine (HMX), nitroglycerin (NG) production and other various environmental pollutants/species.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Synthesis of Magnetic Fe3O4 Nano Hollow Spheres for Industrial TNT Wastewater Treatment

et al. 2022

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“…The BET method was used for the calculation of the surface area of the samples ( Figure 6 , Table 1 ), which affects such properties of materials as their dissolution rate, adsorption capacity, etc. [ 63 , 64 ]. According to the literature [ 56 , 58 ], the BET method is valid if a straight line in the BET coordination (1/[ X (( P 0 / P ) − 1)]) − ( P / P 0 ) is obtained ( Figure 6 ), and the value of the C BET constant is higher than 2 (in the ideal case, it is between 50 and 300).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure, Thermal Stability, and Catalytic Activity of Compounds Formed in CaO-SiO2-Cr(NO3)3-H2O System

et al. 2020

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In this work, the thermal stability, microstructure, and catalytic activity in oxidation reactions of calcium silicate hydrates formed in the CaO-SiO2-Cr(NO3)3-H2O system under hydrothermal conditions were examined in detail. Dry primary mixture with a molar ratio of CaO/SiO2 = 1.5 was mixed with Cr(NO3)3 solution (c = 10 g Cr3+/dm3) to reach a solution/solid ratio of the suspension of 10.0:1. Hydrothermal synthesis was carried out in unstirred suspensions at 175 °C for 16 h. It was determined that, after treatment, semicrystalline calcium silicate hydrates C-S-H(I) and/or C-S-H(II) with incorporated Cr3+ ions (100 mg/g) were formed. The results of in situ X-ray diffraction and simultaneous thermal analyses showed that the products were stable until 500 °C, while, at higher temperatures, they recrystallized to calcium chromate (CaCrO4, 550 °C) and wollastonite (800–850 °C). It was determined that both the surface area and the shape of the dominant pore changed during calcination. Propanol oxidation experiments showed that synthetic semicrystalline calcium silicate hydrates with intercalated chromium ions are able to exchange oxygen during the heterogeneous oxidation process. The obtained results were confirmed by XRD, STA, FT-IR, TEM, SEM, and BET methods, and by propanol oxidation experiments.

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“…The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption method was performed to study pore structure, the surface area, as well as the size and distribution of porosity. In the BET method, adsorption is performed over a range of relative pressure (P/P 0 ) by the volumetric dosing of N 2 onto the sample at 77 K. The BET equation can be written as [53,54]; 1…”

Section: The Surface Area and Porosity Of Geo-rgo-tio 2 Nanocomposites (Pervaporation Membranes)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pervaporation Membranes for Seawater Desalination Based on Geo–rGO–TiO2 Nanocomposites. Part 1: Microstructure Properties

et al. 2021

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This is the first of two papers about the synthesis and microstructure properties of the Geo–rGO–TiO2 ternary nanocomposite, which was designed to suit the criteria of a pervaporation membrane for seawater desalination. The performance and capability of Geo–rGO–TiO2 as a seawater desalination pervaporation membrane are described in the second paper. A geopolymer made from alkali-activated metakaolin was utilized as a binder for the rGO-TiO2 nanocomposite. A modified Hummer’s method was used to synthesize graphene oxide (GO), and a hydrothermal procedure on GO produced reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The adopted approach yielded high-quality GO and rGO, based on Raman spectra results. The nanolayered structure of GO and rGO is revealed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images. The Geo–rGO–TiO2 ternary nanocomposite was created by dispersing rGO nanosheets and TiO2 nanoparticles into geopolymer paste and stirring it for several minutes. The mixture was then cured in a sealed mold at 70 °C for one hour. After being demolded, the materials were kept for 28 days before being characterized. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements revealed that the geopolymer matrix efficiently bonded the rGO and TiO2, creating nanocomposites. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) was used to examine the morphology of the outer layer and cross-sections of nanocomposites, and the results displayed that rGO were stacked on the surface as well as in the bulk of the geopolymer and will potentially function as nanochannels with a width of around 0.36 nm, while TiO2 NPs covered the majority of the geopolymer matrix, assisting in anti-biofouling of the membranes. The pores structure of the Geo–rGO–TiO2 were classified as micro–meso pores using the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) method, indicating that they are appropriate for use as pervaporation membranes. The mechanical strength of the membranes was found to be adequate to withstand high water pressure during the pervaporation process. The addition of rGO and TiO2 NPs was found to improve the hyropobicity of the Geo–rGO–TiO2 nanocomposite, preventing excessive seawater penetration into the membrane during the pervaporation process. The results of this study elucidate that the Geo–rGO–TiO2 nanocomposite has a lot of potential for application as a pervaporation membrane for seawater desalination because all of the initial components are widely available and inexpensive.

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BET surface area measurement of commercial magnesium stearate by krypton adsorption in preference to nitrogen adsorption

Cited by 33 publications

References 34 publications

Synthesis of Magnetic Fe3O4 Nano Hollow Spheres for Industrial TNT Wastewater Treatment

Synthesis of Magnetic Fe3O4 Nano Hollow Spheres for Industrial TNT Wastewater Treatment

Microstructure, Thermal Stability, and Catalytic Activity of Compounds Formed in CaO-SiO2-Cr(NO3)3-H2O System

Pervaporation Membranes for Seawater Desalination Based on Geo–rGO–TiO2 Nanocomposites. Part 1: Microstructure Properties

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