Beta Cell Function, Insulin Resistance and Plasma Adiponectin Concentrations are Predictors for the Change of Postprandial Glucose in Non-diabetic Subjects at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and low adiponectin levels have been shown to be predictors for type 2 diabetes. However, it is not yet clear whether these associations (1) are independent of changes in body weight, or (2) are valid for changes in glucose tolerance in the prediabetic state. Sixty-two non-diabetics (50 with normal glucose tolerance) aged 41 +/- 11 years, BMI 30.5 +/- 5.3 kg/m2 (mean +/- SD) were studied twice with a standard oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT, mean follow-up time 3.0 +/- 1.8 years (mean +/- SD) [range 0.5-6.5 years]). Insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were estimated from oGTT using validated indices. Two-hour blood glucose during oGTT deteriorated over time (baseline 2 h glucose 6.32 +/- 0.21 VS. follow-up 2 h glucose 7.14 +/- 0.22 mM, p < 0.001) while the percentage body fat did not change (32.7 +/- 1.2 VS. 32.6 +/- 1.2%, p = 0.46). Follow-up 2 h blood glucose was predicted by adiponectin (p = 0.01), baseline insulin sensitivity (p = 0.02) and baseline insulin secretion relative to insulin sensitivity (p = 0.03) independent of sex, age, baseline 2 h blood glucose or change in percentage body fat. Our results suggest that low adiponectin levels, insulin resistance and low beta cell function predict the continuous deterioration of glucose tolerance in early prediabetic states, independent of changes in adiposity. Therefore, the early influence of these parameters should be the subject of future prevention programs to prevent deterioration of glucose tolerance.

Soluble CD163, adiponectin, C-reactive protein and progression of dysglycaemia in individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the ADDITION-PRO cohort

“…Our finding of time-independent associations between sCD163 and insulin resistance and insulin secretion strengthens the evidence from previous cross-sectional studies [7,20]. Our study is in agreement with other studies that found adiponectin to be negatively associated with changes in post-load glucose, insulin resistance and insulin secretion [21][22][23]. In the ADDITION-PRO study, we did not find any associations linking adiponectin with changes in fasting glucose, as in a previous study from Japan [23], or with changes in HbA 1c , as reported in previous studies after adjustment for WC, lipids [24] and baseline fasting glucose [25].…”

Serum Acylated Ghrelin, Adiponectin and Leptin Levels in Normal-weight and Obese Premenopausal Women

“…The interpretation of our fi nding is uncertain. Since adiponectin may improve insulin sensitivity [17,32] and hepatic glucose metabolism [18] , it seems that interactions between acylated ghrelin and adiponectin are related only to certain conditions of metabolic and hormonal balance.…”

Adiponectin and Leptin are Independently Associated with Insulin Sensitivity, but not with Insulin Secretion or Beta-cell Function in Overweight Hispanic Adolescents

“…resistance can be reversed by the combination of physiological doses of adiponectin and leptin, but only partially by administration of adiponectin or leptin alone [14] , suggesting that each may independently affect insulin sensitivity. In nondiabetic adults at risk for type 2 diabetes, low adiponectin levels predict the deterioration of glucose tolerance over time [17] . Less is known about the effect of leptin and adiponectin on insulin secretion and beta-cell function.…”