“…Primary dysmenorrhea (PDM) is defined as the regular onset of painful, spasmodic cramping in the lower abdomen in women with normal pelvic anatomy. 10,14,15,18 Despite the negative impact of menstrual pain on multiple aspects of women's personal lives, most neuroimaging studies on PDM focus on the relationship between menstrual pain and brain abnormalities. Given that pain is not only a sensory experience but also an emotional event, 12,22,23 the effects of menstrual pain on the psychological and affective states of women, such as empathy, should also be considered.…”