Betaine in Cereal Grains and Grain-Based Products

Filipčev, Bojana; Kojić, Jovana; Krulj, Jelena; Bodroža‐Solarov, Marija; Ilić, Nebojša

doi:10.3390/foods7040049

Cited by 41 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Additionally, choline is a precursor of the gut bacteria-derived metabolites, trimethylamine N-oxide [13]. Betaine is a bioactive compound that can spare some of choline's actions and is found in wheat bran, wheat germ, and spinach, thereby making it a useful food for pregnant women who are vegetarian or vegan [14][15][16].…”

Section: Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choline, Neurological Development and Brain Function: A Systematic Review Focusing on the First 1000 Days

Derbyshire

Obeid

2020

Nutrients

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The foundations of neurodevelopment across an individual’s lifespan are established in the first 1000 days of life (2 years). During this period an adequate supply of nutrients are essential for proper neurodevelopment and lifelong brain function. Of these, evidence for choline has been building but has not been widely collated using systematic approaches. Therefore, a systematic review was performed to identify the animal and human studies looking at inter-relationships between choline, neurological development, and brain function during the first 1000 days of life. The database PubMed was used, and reference lists were searched. In total, 813 publications were subject to the title/abstract review, and 38 animal and 16 human studies were included after evaluation. Findings suggest that supplementing the maternal or child’s diet with choline over the first 1000 days of life could subsequently: (1) support normal brain development (animal and human evidence), (2) protect against neural and metabolic insults, particularly when the fetus is exposed to alcohol (animal and human evidence), and (3) improve neural and cognitive functioning (animal evidence). Overall, most offspring would benefit from increased choline supply during the first 1000 days of life, particularly in relation to helping facilitate normal brain development. Health policies and guidelines should consider re-evaluation to help communicate and impart potential choline benefits through diet and/or supplementation approaches across this critical life stage.

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Section: Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choline, Neurological Development and Brain Function: A Systematic Review Focusing on the First 1000 Days

Derbyshire

Obeid

2020

Nutrients

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, wheat grains have been considered a primary source of energy (carbohydrates), proteins, vitamins and minerals (especially micronutrients, such as iron and zinc) in human diets [2,3,[6][7][8][9][10]. Indeed, the potential benefits of wheat on human health are well known and have been extensively studied [6,[11][12][13]. Besides the major components, several phytochemicals conferring antioxidant properties [14][15][16][17] and dietary fibers contribute to reduce the risks for cardiovascular disease and colon cancers [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability and Site Dependence of Grain Mineral Contents in Tetraploid Wheats

et al. 2019

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Crop production and natural resource use, especially in developing countries, represents one of the most important food sources for humans. In particular, two wheat species (tetraploid, which is mostly used for pasta and hexaploid, which is primarily used for bread) account for about 20% of the whole calories consumed worldwide. In order to assess the mineral accumulation capability of some popular tetraploid wheat genotypes, a metabolomic (metallomic) approach was used in this study. The metallomic profile related to micro- (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni and Cr), macro- (Ca, Mg and K) and toxic trace elements (Cd and Pb) was obtained by ICP-AES analysis in a large set of tetraploid wheat genotypes (Triticum turgidum L.) that were grown in two different experimental fields. Correlations and multivariate statistical analyses were performed, grouping the samples under two wheat sets, comprising cultivated durum cultivars (T. turgidum subsp. durum) and wild accessions (T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum and subsp. dicoccoides). The site dependence ranking for the selected genotypes with the highest nutrient accumulation was obtained. The significantly higher content of Mg (among the macronutrients) and the highest levels of Mn, Fe and Zn (among the micronutrients) were found for wild accessions with respect to durum cultivars. Moreover, the former genotypes were also the ones with the lowest level of accumulation of the trace toxic elements, in particular Cd. According to the performed statistical analyses, the wild accessions appeared also to be less influenced by the different environmental conditions. This is in accord with literature data, indicating the superiority of “old” with respect to modern wheat cultivars for mineral content. Although further studies are required on a wider range of genotypes to confirm these findings, the obtained results could be used to better select the less demanding and better performing cultivars in specific target wheat growing environments.

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“…Although betaine is known as a nonessential nutrient, numerous studies in recent years reported a wide range of its health benefits (Filip cev, Koji c, Krulj, Bodroža-Solarov, & Ili c, 2018). For that reason betaine is used as dietary supplement and as functional ingredient (Filip cev et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiobjective process optimization for betaine enriched spelt flour based extrudates

Kojić

Ilić

Kojić

et al. 2018

J Food Process Engineering

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The main purposes of this work are successful modeling of twin‐screw extrusion process using predictive models, investigating the effect of process parameters such as screw speed, feed rate, and feed moisture content on the process and product responses and finally optimizing the process regarding betaine content in the extruded product and energy consumption. The second order polynomial approximation models and the artificial neural network were developed to predict the betaine content, showing the high accuracy in the prediction of experimental results. This study introduces the multiobjective optimization (MOO) approach in the extrusion process of spelt flour. The maximal betaine content (between 1,506.8 and 1,605.2 mg/40 g) and minimal energy consumption (between 101.3 and 108.5 W hr/kg) were indicated by MOO procedure, which were gained using the following input parameters: feed flow rate feed about 24 kg/h, screw speed about 252 RPM and moisture content from 21.6 to 23.4%. Practical applications This study introduces the multiobjective optimization (MOO) approach in the extrusion process of spelt flour, which provides the selection of optimal solution that enables the extruder to reach the optimum conditions of the process and provide decision maker with deeper understanding of the process. The present study analyzes the influence of extrusion cooking parameters like: screw speed, feed flow rate, and feed moisture content on the betaine content in the extrudate product and specific mechanical energy input during the processing of betaine enriched spelt flour based extrudates. One way to improve the intake of betaine in the general population can be to enrich foods with betaine. According to European Breakfast Cereal Association for extruded products portion sizes should be 40 g. Consuming a portion of a functional extrudate product with the addition of betaine (1,500 mg/day) could give expected health effects. Final extrudate product from this study satisfies these statements.

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Betaine in Cereal Grains and Grain-Based Products

Cited by 41 publications

References 23 publications

Choline, Neurological Development and Brain Function: A Systematic Review Focusing on the First 1000 Days

Choline, Neurological Development and Brain Function: A Systematic Review Focusing on the First 1000 Days

Variability and Site Dependence of Grain Mineral Contents in Tetraploid Wheats

Multiobjective process optimization for betaine enriched spelt flour based extrudates

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