Betaine Lipids in Marine Algae

Kato, Masaaki; Kobayashi, Yoshie; Torii, A.; Yamada, Masaharu

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0159-4_3

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Furthermore, a recent study using 13 C-labeled substrates proposed that SQDG in particular appears to be exclusively produced by photosynthetic organisms in the surface ocean , but the sources of others, such as MGDG, are more difficult to define and may be produced by photosynthetic organisms and heterotrophic bacteria (Sebastián et al, 2015). Experiments with these 13 C-labeled substrates also supported previous indications that the betaine lipids are likely produced mainly by eukaryotic phytoplankton (Kato et al, 1996;, at least in marine surface waters, although some bacterial production has been observed in cultures of heterotrophic bacteria under P-limited conditions (Benning et al, 1995;Sebastián et al, 2015) and in anoxic regions of the water column (Schubotz et al, 2009). As for the phospholipids, PG and PE are more commonly attributed to heterotrophic bacteria, but PG in particular is also found in cyanobacteria, as it has been shown to be an essential component of the thylakoid membrane (Sato et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Their production in surface water has been attributed mainly to eukaryotic phytoplankton (Kato et al, 1996;Van Mooy and Fredricks, 2010). Certain structures were present in both surface and deep samples (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As for the phospholipids, PG and PE are more commonly attributed to heterotrophic bacteria, but PG in particular is also found in cyanobacteria, as it has been shown to be an essential component of the thylakoid membrane (Sato et al, 2000). Similarly, PC likely can have both a bacterial source and a eukaryotic source (Kato et al, 1996;, although it has not been found in cyanobacteria (Van Mooy et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intact polar diacylglycerol biomarker lipids isolated from suspended particulate organic matter accumulating in an ultraoligotrophic water column

Kharbush

Allen

Moustafa

et al. 2016

Organic Geochemistry

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Intact polar diacylglycerols (IP-DAGs) are essential components of cell membranes. Because they are structurally diverse and hypothesized to represent primarily living cells, they are potential molecular markers for a recent contribution by microbial communities to various carbon reservoirs. This study employed a novel molecular networking approach to investigate the evolution of IP-DAG structural diversity with depth in an ultraoligotrophic environment of the western South Pacific Ocean to test the hypothesis that particle transport to depth is rapid enough to preserve the IP-DAG biomarker signature of the photosynthetic community. IP-DAG profiles for several cultured cyanobacteria and photosynthetic picoeukaryotes were used as templates for constructing molecular networks to compare and interpret IP-DAG signatures of suspended particles isolated from a water column depth profile. Analysis of corresponding genetic community composition data for the same field samples was used to connect IP-DAG structures with their likely biological sources. Our data show that, although most IP-DAG classes associated with photosynthetic organisms were not observed below the euphotic zone, several other IP-DAG classes in deep samples might provide interesting targets for future studies seeking to examine the in situ contribution of deep sea microbes to suspended particulate organic matter (POM). Overall, the results represent the deepest water column IP-DAG dataset to date and demonstrate the utility of molecular networking for analyzing and visualizing complex environmental datasets.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intact polar diacylglycerol biomarker lipids isolated from suspended particulate organic matter accumulating in an ultraoligotrophic water column

Kharbush

Allen

Moustafa

et al. 2016

Organic Geochemistry

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“…One explanation for elevated abundance of polyunsaturated lipids is their derivation from eukaryotes [55]. The occurence of tentatively identified DGCC-type (1,2-Diacylglyceryl-3-O-carboxyhydroxymethylcholine) betaine lipids is unprecedented in bacteria and supports the presence of Eukaryotes in the ecosystem, although the pathway for generating these lipids and its phylogenetic distribution remains unknown [56]. In general, Eukaryotes have been found in the geyser [57], primarily in a sample of decayed wood added to the geyser conduit, and they have been detected by rpS3 analysis in the current study.…”

Section: Degree Of Unsaturation Of Bacterial Ipl Changes With Groundwmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid analysis of CO2-rich subsurface aquifers suggests an autotrophy-based deep biosphere with lysolipids enriched in CPR bacteria

et al. 2020

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Sediment-hosted CO 2-rich aquifers deep below the Colorado Plateau (USA) contain a remarkable diversity of uncultivated microorganisms, including Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria that are putative symbionts unable to synthesize membrane lipids. The origin of organic carbon in these ecosystems is unknown and the source of CPR membrane lipids remains elusive. We collected cells from deep groundwater brought to the surface by eruptions of Crystal Geyser, sequenced the community, and analyzed the whole community lipidome over time. Characteristic stable carbon isotopic compositions of microbial lipids suggest that bacterial and archaeal CO 2 fixation ongoing in the deep subsurface provides organic carbon for the complex communities that reside there. Coupled lipidomic-metagenomic analysis indicates that CPR bacteria lack complete lipid biosynthesis pathways but still possess regular lipid membranes. These lipids may therefore originate from other community members, which also adapt to high in situ pressure by increasing fatty acid unsaturation. An unusually high abundance of lysolipids attributed to CPR bacteria may represent an adaptation to membrane curvature stress induced by their small cell sizes. Our findings provide new insights into the carbon cycle in the deep subsurface and suggest the redistribution of lipids into putative symbionts within this community.

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“…The biosynthetic pathways underlying these processes are well defined for eukaryotic microalgae in general ( 20 – 23 ), and the genome of T. pseudonana has been published ( 24 ). The biosynthetic pathway leading to DGCC is conspicuously unknown, beyond the observed incorporation of radiolabeled methionine ( 25 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipidomics of Thalassiosira pseudonana under Phosphorus Stress Reveal Underlying Phospholipid Substitution Dynamics and Novel Diglycosylceramide Substitutes

Hunter

Brandsma

Dymond

et al. 2018

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Phytoplankton replace phosphorus-containing lipids (P-lipids) with non-P analogues, boosting growth in P-limited oceans. In the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, the substitution dynamics of lipid headgroups are well described, but those of the individual lipids, differing in fatty acid composition, are unknown. Moreover, the behavior of lipids outside the common headgroup classes and the relationship between lipid substitution and cellular particulate organic P (POP) have yet to be reported. We investigated these through the mass spectrometric lipidomics of P-replete (P+) and P-depleted (P−) T. pseudonana cultures. Nonlipidic POP was depleted rapidly by the initiation of P stress, followed by the cessation of P-lipid biosynthesis and per-cell reductions in the P-lipid levels of successive generations. Minor P-lipid degradative breakdown was observed, releasing P for other processes, but most P-lipids remained intact. This may confer an advantage on efficient heterotrophic lipid consumers in P-limited oceans. Glycerophosphatidylcholine (PC), the predominant P-lipid, was similar in composition to its betaine substitute lipid. During substitution, PC was less abundant per cell and was more highly unsaturated in composition. This may reflect underlying biosynthetic processes or the regulation of membrane biophysical properties subject to lipid substitution. Finally, levels of several diglycosylceramide lipids increased as much as 10-fold under P stress. These represent novel substitute lipids and potential biomarkers for the study of P limitation in situ, contributing to growing evidence highlighting the importance of sphingolipids in phycology. These findings contribute much to our understanding of P-lipid substitution, a powerful and widespread adaptation to P limitation in the oligotrophic ocean.IMPORTANCE Unicellular organisms replace phosphorus (P)-containing membrane lipids with non-P substitutes when P is scarce, allowing greater growth of populations. Previous research with the model diatom species Thalassiosira pseudonana grouped lipids by polar headgroups in their chemical structures. The significance of the research reported here is threefold. (i) We described the individual lipids within the headgroups during P-lipid substitution, revealing the relationships between lipid headgroups and hinting at the underlying biochemical processes. (ii) We measured total cellular P, placing P-lipid substitution in the context of the broader response to P stress and yielding insight into the implications of substitution in the marine environment. (iii) We identified lipids previously unknown in this system, revealing a new type of non-P substitute lipid, which is potentially useful as a biomarker for the investigation of P limitation in the ocean.

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Betaine Lipids in Marine Algae

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Intact polar diacylglycerol biomarker lipids isolated from suspended particulate organic matter accumulating in an ultraoligotrophic water column

Intact polar diacylglycerol biomarker lipids isolated from suspended particulate organic matter accumulating in an ultraoligotrophic water column

Lipid analysis of CO2-rich subsurface aquifers suggests an autotrophy-based deep biosphere with lysolipids enriched in CPR bacteria

Lipidomics of Thalassiosira pseudonana under Phosphorus Stress Reveal Underlying Phospholipid Substitution Dynamics and Novel Diglycosylceramide Substitutes

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