Better Adjuvants for Better Vaccines: Progress in Adjuvant Delivery Systems, Modifications, and Adjuvant–Antigen Codelivery

Wang, Zhi-Biao; Xu, Jing

doi:10.3390/vaccines8010128

Cited by 113 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…As discussed in an earlier section, nanoparticles offer opportunities for codelivery of antigen and adjuvant to target lymph nodes and APCs, and an increasing body of data suggests that codelivery of antigen and adjuvant improves potency of the vaccines at lower doses and reduces side effects. 52 , 53 BioNTech/Pfizer claims that the mRNA within their vaccines acts as its own adjuvant enabling codelivery of antigen and adjuvant. 19 The viral vectors by Oxford/Astrazeneca and CanSino as well as the viral DNA may act as adjuvants as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The three main methods are (i) codelivery through encapsulation within or conjugation onto a nanoparticle, (ii) direct antigen-adjuvant conjugation, and (iii) utilizing the delivery vehicle as an adjuvant. 53 , 54 Another benefit that nanoparticles can confer is multivalent antigen presentation and orientation of subunit antigens in their native form. 55 For example, BioNTech/Pfizer, one of the frontrunner companies producing a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, formulates their receptor binding domain (RBD) antigens onto a T4 fibritin-derived “foldon” trimerization base to better resemble the trimeric form of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Nanotechnology Offers Opportunities In Vaccine Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 Vaccine Frontrunners and Their Nanotechnology Design

et al. 2020

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Humanity is experiencing a catastrophic pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally to cause significant morbidity and mortality, and there still remain unknowns about the biology and pathology of the virus. Even with testing, tracing, and social distancing, many countries are struggling to contain SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 will only be suppressible when herd immunity develops, either because of an effective vaccine or if the population has been infected and is resistant to reinfection. There is virtually no chance of a return to pre-COVID-19 societal behavior until there is an effective vaccine. Concerted efforts by physicians, academic laboratories, and companies around the world have improved detection and treatment and made promising early steps, developing many vaccine candidates at a pace that has been unmatched for prior diseases. As of August 11, 2020, 28 of these companies have advanced into clinical trials with Moderna, CanSino, the University of Oxford, BioNTech, Sinovac, Sinopharm, Anhui Zhifei Longcom, Inovio, Novavax, Vaxine, Zydus Cadila, Institute of Medical Biology, and the Gamaleya Research Institute having moved beyond their initial safety and immunogenicity studies. This review analyzes these frontrunners in the vaccine development space and delves into their posted results while highlighting the role of the nanotechnologies applied by all the vaccine developers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nanotechnology Offers Opportunities In Vaccine Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Vaccine Frontrunners and Their Nanotechnology Design

et al. 2020

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“…Subunit vaccines have limited immunogenicity, a phenomenon not restrict to proteins produced in E. coli and one that may vary according to the intrinsic characteristics of the antigen [ 237 ]. Such vaccines demanded the development of new adjuvants not only to enhance, but also to modulate the antigen-specific immune responses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such vaccines demanded the development of new adjuvants not only to enhance, but also to modulate the antigen-specific immune responses. Other strategy to improve antigen immunogenicity include biotic and abiotic delivery systems, currently a rapidly advancing field of research [ 237 , 238 , 239 ]. As illustrated, there are several anti-flavivirus vaccine candidates based on proteins produced in E. coli , employing different adjuvants or delivery strategies [ 159 , 160 , 161 , 240 , 241 , 242 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Flavivirus Vaccines: Review of the Present Situation and Perspectives of Subunit Vaccines Produced in Escherichia coli

et al. 2020

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This article aims to review the present status of anti-flavivirus subunit vaccines, both those at the experimental stage and those already available for clinical use. Aspects regarding development of vaccines to Yellow Fever virus, (YFV), Dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are highlighted, with particular emphasis on purified recombinant proteins generated in bacterial cells. Currently licensed anti-flavivirus vaccines are based on inactivated, attenuated, or virus-vector vaccines. However, technological advances in the generation of recombinant antigens with preserved structural and immunological determinants reveal new possibilities for the development of recombinant protein-based vaccine formulations for clinical testing. Furthermore, novel proposals for multi-epitope vaccines and the discovery of new adjuvants and delivery systems that enhance and/or modulate immune responses can pave the way for the development of successful subunit vaccines. Nonetheless, advances in this field require high investments that will probably not raise interest from private pharmaceutical companies and, therefore, will require support by international philanthropic organizations and governments of the countries more severely stricken by these viruses.

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“…In a clinical study based in France, an intramuscular alum-adjuvanted vaccine injection was linked with the development of macrophagic myofascitis in some patients [162]. Additionally, in vitro analyses have shown that the use of an alum-complex vaccine adjuvant has several structural limitations, which degrade the potency of the vaccine [24,160,163,164]. A recently conducted pilot trial to test a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, reports the utilisation of an alum vaccine adjuvant [157].…”

Section: Potential Role Of Lasers As Covid-19 Vaccine Adjuvantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phototherapy as a Rational Antioxidant Treatment Modality in COVID-19 Management; New Concept and Strategic Approach: Critical Review

et al. 2020

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The COVID-19 pandemic has taken the entire globe by storm. The pathogenesis of this virus has shown a cytokine storm release, which contributes to critical or severe multi-organ failure. Currently the ultimate treatment is palliative; however, many modalities have been introduced with effective or minimal outcomes. Meanwhile, enormous efforts are ongoing to produce safe vaccines and therapies. Phototherapy has a wide range of clinical applications against various maladies. This necessitates the exploration of the role of phototherapy, if any, for COVID-19. This critical review was conducted to understand COVID-19 disease and highlights the prevailing facts that link phototherapy utilisation as a potential treatment modality for SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. The results demonstrated phototherapy’s efficacy in regulating cytokines and inflammatory mediators, increasing angiogenesis and enhancing healing in chronic pulmonary inflammatory diseases. In conclusion, this review answered the following research question. Which molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of phototherapy have demonstrated great potential in enhancing the immune response and reducing host–viral interaction in COVID-19 patients? Therefore, phototherapy is a promising treatment modality, which needs to be validated further for COVID-19 by robust and rigorous randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trials to evaluate its impartial outcomes and safety.

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Better Adjuvants for Better Vaccines: Progress in Adjuvant Delivery Systems, Modifications, and Adjuvant–Antigen Codelivery

Cited by 113 publications

References 137 publications

COVID-19 Vaccine Frontrunners and Their Nanotechnology Design

COVID-19 Vaccine Frontrunners and Their Nanotechnology Design

Anti-Flavivirus Vaccines: Review of the Present Situation and Perspectives of Subunit Vaccines Produced in Escherichia coli

Phototherapy as a Rational Antioxidant Treatment Modality in COVID-19 Management; New Concept and Strategic Approach: Critical Review

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