“…For example, studies show that the prevalence of chlamydia was 7.1% among women with only female and both female and male past-year sexual partners, and the prevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 and HPV was 36.2% and 13%, respectively, among women with only female and both female and male lifetime female sexual partners (Gorgos and Marrazzo, 2011). Self-identified bisexual women and women with both male and female sexual partners may be at higher risk of STIs (Everett, 2013; Rosario et al, 2014a; Tao, 2008; Lindley et al, 2008; McNair, 2005) and HIV (Goodenow et al, 2008) than heterosexual women and women with only male sexual partners because of lower levels of social, economic, and health care resources (Kerker et al, 2006; Miller et al, 2007; Badgett et al, 2013; Diamant et al, 2000b), higher levels of sexual violence (Everett, 2013; Goodenow et al, 2008; Rosario et al, 2014b; Austin et al, 2008a, 2008b; Black et al, 2011; McCauley et al, 2015; Saewyc et al, 2006), higher average number of sexual partners (Everett, 2013; Oswalt and Wyatt, 2013), and higher prevalence of sex under the influence of drugs or alcohol (Koh et al, 2005) in these marginalized and stigmatized populations (Miller et al, 2007; Roberts et al, 2015; Friedman et al, 2014). Moreover, lesbians and women with only female sexual partners who are infected with HPV may be at higher risk of developing cervical cancer than heterosexual women and women with only male sexual partners because of a lower prevalence of cervical cancer screening (Kerker et al, 2006; Diamant et al, 2000b; Agénor et al, 2014; Matthews et al, 2004; Tracy et al, 2010) and higher prevalence of smoking (Boehmer et al, 2012; Cochran et al, 2001a), a notable risk factor for the disease.…”