Beyond Bushmeat: Animal Contact, Injury, and Zoonotic Disease Risk in Western Uganda

Paige, Sarah B.; Frost, Simon D. W.; Gibson, Mhairi A.; Jones, James Holland; Shankar, Anupama; Switzer, William M.; Ting, Nelson; Goldberg, Tony L.

doi:10.1007/s10393-014-0942-y

Cited by 61 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…1). Similar to previous findings from the Taï region, Uganda, and Cameroon (11,13,18), contact of women decreased along a gradient of bushmeat freshness (e.g., most women ate, but nearly never hunted, NHP), while men primarily dismembered and hunted NHP. Although this indicates that men are in contact with NHP body fluids more often than women, such contact turned out to be age dependent: for dismembering, cooking, and eating monkeys, contact rates decreased with age in men and increased with age in women.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Bushmeat Hunting and Zoonotic Transmission of Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 in Tropical West and Central Africa

Mossoun

Calvignac‐Spencer

Anoh

et al. 2017

J Virol

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Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1 (STLV-1) enters human populations through contact with nonhuman primate (NHP) bushmeat. We tested whether differences in the extent of contact with STLV-1-infected NHP bushmeat foster regional differences in prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1). Using serological and PCR assays, we screened humans and NHPs at two Sub-Saharan African sites where subsistence hunting was expected to be less (Taï region, Côte d'Ivoire [CIV]) or more (Bandundu region, Democratic Republic of the Congo [DRC]) developed. Only 0.7% of human participants were infected with HTLV-1 in CIV (n ϭ 574), and 1.3% of humans were infected in DRC (n ϭ 302). Two of the Ivorian human virus sequences were closely related to simian counterparts, indicating ongoing zoonotic transmission. Multivariate analysis of human demographic parameters and behavior confirmed that participants from CIV were less often exposed to NHPs than participants from DRC through direct contact, e.g., butchering. At the same time, numbers of STLV-1-infected NHPs were higher in CIV (39%; n ϭ 111) than in DRC (23%; n ϭ 39). We conclude that similar ultimate risks of zoonotic STLV-1 transmission-defined as the product of prevalence in local NHP and human rates of contact to fresh NHP carcasses-contribute to the observed comparable rates of HTLV-1 infection in humans in CIV and DRC. We found that young adult men and mature women are most likely exposed to NHPs at both sites. In view of the continued difficulties in controlling zoonotic disease outbreaks, the identification of such groups at high risk of NHP exposure may guide future prevention efforts.IMPORTANCE Multiple studies report a high risk for zoonotic transmission of bloodborne pathogens like retroviruses through contact with NHPs, and this risk seems to be particularly high in tropical Africa. Here, we reveal high levels of exposure to NHP bushmeat in two regions of Western and Central tropical Africa. We provide evidence for continued zoonotic origin of HTLV-1 in humans at CIV, and we found that young men and mature women represent risk groups for zoonotic transmission of pathogens from NHPs. Identifying such risk groups can contribute to mitigation of not only zoonotic STLV-1 transmission but also transmission of any blood-borne pathogen onto humans in Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The risk of transmission of retroviruses from NHP is suggested to be greatest during activities involving direct blood contact (8,(10)(11)(12)(13). Hence, if STLVs are prevalent among local NHP, differences in the extent and type of contact with NHP among human populations may contribute to differences in local HTLV-1 prevalence and diversity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bushmeat Hunting and Zoonotic Transmission of Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 in Tropical West and Central Africa

Mossoun

Calvignac‐Spencer

Anoh

et al. 2017

J Virol

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“…Subsequent research has found that risk of human and primate contact is highest for people living in the fragment matrix compared to those who live alongside Kibale National Park itself, despite the fact that KNP is unsurpassed for its primate density and diversity (Paige et al 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Overlap Between People and Non-human Primates in a Fragmented Landscape

et al. 2016

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In western Uganda, the landscape surrounding Kibale National Park (KNP) contains households, trading centers, roads, fields, and forest fragments. The mosaic arrangement of these landscape features is thought to enhance human-primate interaction, leading to primate population declines and increased bi-directional disease transmission. Using a social-ecological systems research framework that captures the complexity of interaction among people, wildlife, and environment, we studied five forest fragments near KNP and conducted intensive on-the-ground mapping to identify locations of human-primate spatial overlap. Primate locations and human activities were distributed within, on the edges, and far beyond fragment borders. Analysis of shared spaces indicated that 5.5% of human space overlapped with primate spaces, while 69.5% of primate spaces overlapped with human spaces. Nearest neighbor analysis indicated that human activities were significantly spatially clustered within and around individual fragments, as were primate locations. Getis-Ord statistics revealed statistically significant "hotspots" of human activity and primate activity, but only one location where spatial overlap between humans and primates was statistically significant. Human activities associated with collecting fuelwood and other forest products were the primary drivers of human-primate overlap; however, primates also spent time outside of forest fragments in agricultural spaces. These results demonstrate that fragmented landscapes are not uniform with respect to human-primate overlap, and that the implications of human-primate interaction, such as primate population declines and possible cross-species disease transmission, are spatially aggregated.

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“…HIV, malaria, respiratory illness) (Kabarole District Health Statistics Office, 2014). Approximately 20% of the resident population report risky contact with animals (Paige et al, 2014), making the population susceptible to novel zoonotic pathogens.…”

Section: Case Study: the Kibale Hotspotmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crop-raiding by wildlife extends shared spaces from the fragment into fields, and hunting by dogs brings wildlife carcasses into the household compound (Goldberg, Paige, & Chapman, 2012). Because of their small areas, proximity to human settlements, and permeable borders, forest fragment systems enable intense and frequent interaction and contact between people and wildlife (Paige et al, 2014). …”

Section: Case Study: the Kibale Hotspotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncovering zoonoses awareness in an emerging disease ‘hotspot’

Paige

Malave

Mbabazi

et al. 2015

Social Science & Medicine

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Emerging infectious diseases from animals pose significant and increasing threats to human health; places of risk are simultaneously viewed as conservation and emerging disease ‘hotspots’. The One World/One Health paradigm is an ‘assemblage’ discipline. Extensive research from the natural and social sciences, as well as public health have contributed to designing surveillance and response policy within the One World/One Health framework. However, little research has been undertaken that considers the lives of those who experience risk in hotspots on a daily basis. As a result, policymakers and practitioners are unable to fully comprehend the social and ecological processes that catalyze cross-species pathogen exchange. This study examined local populations’ comprehension of zoonotic disease. From October 2008-May 2009 we collected data from people living on the periphery of Kibale National Park, in western Uganda. We administered a survey to 72 individuals and conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 14 individuals. Results from the survey showed respondents had statistically significant awareness that transmission of diseases from animals was possible compared to those who did not think such transmission was possible (χ2 = 30.68, df=1, p<0.05). However, individual characteristics such as gender, occupation, location, and age were not significantly predictive of awareness. Both quantitative and qualitative data show local people are aware of zoonoses and provided biomedically accurate examples of possible infections and corresponding animal sources (e.g., worm infection from pigs and Ebola from primates). Qualitative data also revealed expectations about the role of the State in managing the prevention of zoonoses from wildlife. As a result of this research, we recommend meaningful discourse with people living at the frontlines of animal contact in emerging disease and conservation hotspots in order to develop informed and relevant zoonoses prevention practices that take into account local knowledge and perceptions.

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Beyond Bushmeat: Animal Contact, Injury, and Zoonotic Disease Risk in Western Uganda

Cited by 61 publications

References 35 publications

Bushmeat Hunting and Zoonotic Transmission of Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 in Tropical West and Central Africa

Bushmeat Hunting and Zoonotic Transmission of Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 in Tropical West and Central Africa

Spatial Overlap Between People and Non-human Primates in a Fragmented Landscape

Uncovering zoonoses awareness in an emerging disease ‘hotspot’

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