Beyond fossil: the synthetic fuel surge for a green-energy resurgence

Abstract

This review offers a comprehensive overview of synthetic fuels as promising alternatives to conventional fossil fuels. The carbon-neutral potential of synthetic fuels, when produced using renewable energy and captured CO2, offering significant opportunities to mitigate CO2 emissions is discussed. Moreover, the efficiency of synthetic fuels is presented as they do not require dedicated agricultural land or substantial water resources, addressing concerns related to land use change and water scarcity associated with traditional biofuels. The economic viability of synthetic fuels is explored highlighting the advancements in technology and decreased renewable energy costs, coupled with their independence from food crops, mitigating concerns about potential impacts on food prices. Major investments by industry leaders like Porsche, HIF Global, and ExxonMobil, totalling $1 B, aimed at achieving an annual production of 550 M liters by 2026 are detailly covered. This study further extends emphasizing the scalability of synthetic fuel production through modular processes, enabling tailored facilities to meet regional demands and contribute to a decentralized and resilient energy infrastructure. Additionally, the "drop-in" nature of synthetic fuels, seamlessly compatible with existing fuel storage, pipelines, and pumps, is highlighted, facilitating a smooth transition without requiring extensive infrastructure changes. Challenges such as the current high cost of synthetic fuel production are acknowledged, necessitating supportive government policies and incentives for widespread adoption. Overall, synthetic fuels emerge as promising contenders in the pursuit of sustainable and adaptable energy solutions, with tangible benefits for the environment, economy, and existing energy infrastructure.