Beyond microbeads: Examining the role of cosmetics in microplastic pollution and spotlighting unanswered questions

Kukkola, Anna; Chetwynd, Andrew J.; Krause, Stefan; Lynch, Iseult

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135053

Journal of Hazardous Materials

2024

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135053

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Beyond microbeads: Examining the role of cosmetics in microplastic pollution and spotlighting unanswered questions

Anna Kukkola,

Andrew J. Chetwynd,

Stefan Krause

et al.

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Cited by 3 publications

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Indirubin-incorporated biodegradable PHB microbeads and its application for functional facial cleanser

Choi,

Choi

2025

Dyes and Pigments

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Indirubin-incorporated biodegradable PHB microbeads and its application for functional facial cleanser

Choi,

Choi

2025

Dyes and Pigments

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Analytical approaches for quantifying and characterizing microplastics: Environmental impacts and bioaccumulation in aquatic Systems

Dey,

Sen,

Saha

et al. 2025

Green Analytical Chemistry

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Research on Waterless Cosmetics in the Form of Scrub Bars Based on Natural Exfoliants

Ogorzałek,

Klimaszewska,

Małysa

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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Scrub bars are an innovative alternative to traditional liquid, semi-liquid, and oily body scrubs. Through the elimination of water from their formulas, they align with the current ‘waterless’ trend in the cosmetics market. The aims of this study were to create anhydrous formulations for body scrub bars and to assess their physical, chemical, and sensory characteristics depending on the type of exfoliant added. A total of five solid body scrub formulations were developed using different natural exfoliants: sugar, microcrystalline cellulose, ground coffee beans, corn granules, and sodium chloride. The shape and dimensions of the exfoliant particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The formulations were subjected to texturometric tests. The final products underwent color assessment along with a consumer evaluation of sensory appeal. The test results showed that the body scrubs exhibiting the highest hardness and adhesive force were those containing exfoliants with small particles, either angular (sodium chloride) or subrounded (Coffea arabica seed powder) in shape. Conversely, the lowest hardness was determined for the product formulated with the addition of an exfoliant with well-rounded particles (microcrystalline cellulose). Among the exfoliants tested, microcrystalline cellulose proved to be the most suitable for body scrubs, demonstrating superior texture and exfoliating effectiveness. However, cosmetics containing ground coffee received the highest esthetic ratings. Coffee gave the product a natural color and an appealing scent, as judged by the testers.

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Beyond microbeads: Examining the role of cosmetics in microplastic pollution and spotlighting unanswered questions

Cited by 3 publications

References 116 publications

Indirubin-incorporated biodegradable PHB microbeads and its application for functional facial cleanser

Indirubin-incorporated biodegradable PHB microbeads and its application for functional facial cleanser

Analytical approaches for quantifying and characterizing microplastics: Environmental impacts and bioaccumulation in aquatic Systems

Research on Waterless Cosmetics in the Form of Scrub Bars Based on Natural Exfoliants

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