Beyond Nonprofits: Re-conceptualizing the Third Sector

Salamon, Lester M.; Sokolowski, S. Wojciech

doi:10.1007/s11266-016-9726-z

Cited by 199 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The 'hybrid' nature (Billis 2010; Doherty et al 2014) of social enterprise arguably makes it ideally equipped to act as an instrument of political parties from each side of the political divide. From those who favour neoliberal, market-based approaches (Grenier 2009;Teasdale 2012) to those who believe in co-production, mutualism and partnership is building between the Third Sector-the space between state and market (Salamon andSokolowski 2016)-andgovernment (see, for example, Farmer et al 2012;Pestoff 2012Pestoff , 2014. This 'schizophrenic' or chameleon-like nature of social enterprise seems to offer significant utility as a policy tool, while also providing social enterprises with a tactical advantage to position them favourably: for example, to lever resources from government as political context and policy priorities change over time (Dey and Teasdale 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Policy to Practice: Exploring Practitioners’ Perspectives on Social Enterprise Policy Claims

Mazzei

Roy

2017

Voluntas

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While there has been significant academic focus on social enterprise policy for a number of years now, the links between policy and the practice of social enterprise have received comparatively less attention. Scotland is recognised as having a particularly supportive environment for social enterprise; the Scottish Government has publicly endorsed social enterprise and made considerable investment into the sector. Based upon an in-depth qualitative analysis of the perceptions of social enterprise practitioners and stakeholders across Scotland, we explore whether the rhetoric of support matches practitioners experience of 'doing' social enterprise. Reviewing emerging issues and reflecting upon the complex nature of the Scottish context, including in relation to welfare reform, we find that in contrast to the claims of politicians, the attitude of local authorities in Scotland, coupled with a lack of understanding of the needs and requirements of social enterprise at the local authority level, has led to a rather more 'patchwork' picture than the rhetoric would seem to suggest. While some local authorities recognise the potential of social enterprise for their local economies and privilege and encourage cooperation, others are less inclined to openly support social enterprise, particularly those that are small in scale. Underpinning these contentions, we argue, are unrealistic expectations about the prospects of social enterprises being able to become 'sustainable', and how this could be achieved. Resumen Aunque ha habido un enfoque académico significativo sobre política de la empresa social durante una serie de años, los vínculos entre política y la práctica de la empresa social ha recibido menos atención comparativamente. Se reconoce que Escocia tiene un entorno particularmente favorable para la empresa social; el gobierno escocés ha apoyado públicamente a la empresa social y ha realizado una inversión 2450 Voluntas (2017 ) 28:2449 -2468 123 considerable en el sector. Basándonos en un análisis cualitativo en profundidad de las percepciones de los profesionales y las partes interesadas de la empresa social en Escocia, exploramos si la retórica de apoyo coincide con la experiencia de los profesionales de 'hacer' empresa social. Revisando cuestiones emergentes y reflexionando sobre la compleja naturaleza del contexto escocés, incluso en relación con la reforma del bienestar, encontramos que, en contraste con los alegatos de los políticos, la actitud de las autoridades locales en Escocia, asociada a una falta de comprensión de las necesidades y requisitos de la empresa social a nivel de la autoridad local, ha llevado a un cuadro bastante más 'patchwork' que lo que la retórica parecería sugerir. Aunque algunas autoridades locales reconocen el potencial de la empresa social para sus economías locales y privilegian y alientan la cooperación, otras están menos inclinadas a apoyar abiertamente a la empresa social, en particular aquellas que son pequeñas en escala. Pensamos que, respaldando estas disputas, hay ...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Policy to Practice: Exploring Practitioners’ Perspectives on Social Enterprise Policy Claims

Mazzei

Roy

2017

Voluntas

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“…In their operational definition of limits on surplus distribution to replace the strict non-distribution constraint for some TSE organizations, Salamon and Sokolowski (2016) require an asset (capital) lock and they limit at less than 50 % the proportion of distributed profit to investors or other stakeholders. Moreover they exclude any type of profit distribution in proportion of capital invested (and therefore potentially all conventional cooperatives)… but this last prohibition does not hold for TSE organizations that have at least 30 % of employees or beneficiaries with special needs.…”

Section: The Two Facets Of the Social Economy Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As outlined in Salamon and Sokolowski (2016), there are two dimensions to the basic TSE model: the unit of analysis (institutions/organizations vs. individuals) and scope (core vs. periphery).…”

Section: Kirsten Grønbjergmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The purpose of this comment is to evaluate the re-conceptualization process discussed in Salamon and Sokolowski (2016) in the light of recent developments that the Japanese third sector has undergone in the past couple of decades.…”

Section: Commentary On Re-conceptualizing the Third Sector From Japanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salamon and Sokolowski (2016) proposes an alternative definition for the 'extended' third sector by loosening the definition by replacing 'non-profit distributing' with 'totally or significantly limited from distributing any surplus they earn to investors, members, or other stakeholders,' while keeping the other four features virtually unchanged. While this amendment was initially designated mainly for the development of the third sector or social economy in Europe, it is quite reasonable and realistic taking into account the recent change of the third sector in Japan.…”

Section: Operational Definition For the Third Sectormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Voluntas Symposium: Comments on Salamon and Sokolowski’s Re-conceptualization of the Third Sector

et al. 2016

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With their ''Beyond Nonprofits: Re-conceptualizing the Third Sector'', Salamon and Sokolowski have made an important contribution to the ongoing debate on how to define the third sector. This Voluntas symposium brings together the comments of five leading scholars both supportive and critical of the new definition. The comments are based on a debate held at the conference of the International Society for Third Sector Research, in Stockholm in 2016.

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NGOs, corporate social responsibility and sustainable development trajectories in a new reformative spectrum: ‘New wine in old bottles or old wine in new bottles?’

Esposito

Antonucci

2021

Corp Soc Responsibility Env

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Non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) have the potential to combine social objectives with trading activities, while social reporting represents a tool for disclosing NGOs' peculiarities. Although the number of NGOs adopting social reporting is increasing, research is still lacking on the relationships between firms and NGOs and their impacts at the government level, at which policy makers must both favour social/environmental commitments and ensure that NGOs pursue their core objectives, also when carrying out trading activities. This paper investigates the challenges of policy making in this field by analysing NGOs in Italy, the first country to make social reporting compulsory. We randomly selected 20 social reports from the Italian NGO register to analyse eight components regarding the disclosure of their impact. The results show that a compulsory requirement leads to a paradox, given the trade‐off between stakeholder engagement principles on the one hand and disciplinary power and accounting as action at a distance principles on the other, leading NGOs to account for their output rather than for their impact. We thus contribute to the literature about NGOs and corporate social responsibility (CSR), delineating the relevance of a paradox perspective. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only study to apply this perspective to the analysis of CSR and sustainable development trajectories in NGOs.

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Beyond Nonprofits: Re-conceptualizing the Third Sector

Cited by 199 publications

References 27 publications

From Policy to Practice: Exploring Practitioners’ Perspectives on Social Enterprise Policy Claims

From Policy to Practice: Exploring Practitioners’ Perspectives on Social Enterprise Policy Claims

Voluntas Symposium: Comments on Salamon and Sokolowski’s Re-conceptualization of the Third Sector

NGOs, corporate social responsibility and sustainable development trajectories in a new reformative spectrum: ‘New wine in old bottles or old wine in new bottles?’

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