Beyond Simple Differences: Moderators of Gender Differences in Heteronormativity

Habarth, Janice; Makhoulian, Sevan C.; Nelson, Jacob C.; Todd, Cassidy D.; Trafalis, Sandra

doi:10.1080/00918369.2018.1557955

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Moreover, the sociodemographic characteristics statistically represented in these two profiles are attributes that previous research has associated with heteronormativity. Profile 1, High heteronormativity, was significantly composed by students who were men and heterosexual, in keeping with findings that men have higher heteronormativity than women ( Habarth, 2014 ; Habarth et al, 2019a ; Scandurra et al, 2021 ). This result is expected because heteronormative beliefs and behaviors sustain a social hierarchy that is most protected by heterosexual men ( Corlett et al, 2022 ), because it entails a position of power and advantage over other groups ( Farvid, 2015 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Heteronormativity can also be displayed differentially in masculinized and feminized fields (Maldonado-Ramírez, 2015;Corlett et al, 2022). Of note in this regard, Habarth et al (2019a) have shown that attaining higher education is associated with lower heteronormativity in women, but not in men, suggesting that attending university on its own does not counter heteronormative attitudes. Universities also tend to be in urban areas, which have been associated with the free development and expression of sexual identity (Barrientos-Delgado et al, 2014;Giano et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…This two-dimensional structure of heteronormativity is supported by psychometric evidence from Italy ( Scandurra et al, 2021 ) and Chile (Alarcón et al, manuscript under review). Other research has linked heteronormativity to personality traits (e.g., openness to experience), political attitudes (e.g., right-wing authoritarianism), sexual prejudice, and demographic variables such as sexual orientation and gender ( Habarth, 2014 ; Habarth et al, 2019a , b ; Ray and Parkhill, 2021 ; Scandurra et al, 2021 ). Further explorations of heteronormativity posit that its nature transcends the realm of sexuality and gender and involve other identity markers and life conditions such as family structure, socioeconomic status, and ethnic origin ( Seal, 2019 ; Pollitt et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Heteronormativity varies by gender and sexual orientation. There is evidence that heteronormativity is higher in men than in women, higher in heterosexuals than in non-heterosexuals, and higher in gay men and lesbians than in bisexuals ( Habarth, 2014 ; Habarth et al, 2019a , b ). In terms of gender, heteronormativity maintains a social hierarchy, and Ray and Parkhill (2021) state that heterosexual men who adhere more to heteronormativity feel more threatened in their social status by gay men.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavior without beliefs: Profiles of heteronormativity and well-being among heterosexual and non-heterosexual university students in Chile

2022

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Heteronormativity comprises essentialist, binary beliefs about sex and gender, and normative behaviors derived from those beliefs. There is scarce literature on how heteronormative attitudes and well-being variables are concurrent among individuals who are heterosexual or gay, lesbian, bisexual, and of other queer sexual identities (LGBQ). The objective of this study was to distinguish profiles of university students based on essentialism and normative behavior, two dimensions of heteronormativity, and to characterize these groups by sexual orientation and gender, perceived social support, physical and mental health, and life satisfaction. A sample of 552 university students in Temuco, Chile, responded to an online questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic questions, the Scale of Heteronormative Attitudes and Beliefs, the Life Satisfaction Scale, the Health-Related Quality of Life Index, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. We used Latent profile analysis to distinguish profiles based on significant score differences in Essentialism and Normative behavior. We identified four heteronormativity profiles: High heteronormativity (34.85%), with a significant proportion of heterosexuals and men; Low heteronormativity (25.59%), comprising a significant proportion of students who were non-binary, and LGBQ; Heteronormativity focused on normative behavior (20.42%), with a significant proportion students who were men or non-binary, and who were lesbian, gay or bisexual or preferred not to disclose their sexual orientation; and Heteronormativity focused on essentialism (19.14%), with a significant proportion of heterosexuals and women, and individuals who preferred not to disclose their sexual orientation. The four profiles differed in the proportions of students by faculty and area of residence (urban/rural), and by life satisfaction, self-perceived mental health, and perceived social support. These results show that patterns of association between heteronormativity and subjective well-being are heterogeneous among heterosexual and non-heterosexual individuals. Some of these patterns may respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has disrupted daily life and social dynamics. These findings expand our understanding of advantageous and disadvantageous conditions associated with maintaining heteronormativity attitudes, particularly among non-heterosexual individuals.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Behavior without beliefs: Profiles of heteronormativity and well-being among heterosexual and non-heterosexual university students in Chile

2022

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“…It is important to note that heteronormativity is conceptualized to encompass heterosexism (see Herek 2007Herek , 2016 and heterocentric norms (see Hegarty et al 2004), as well as more specific constructs relating to the embodiment of gender norms, such as heterosexual masculinity (see Herek 1986). Endorsement of heteronormative ideology has been associated with antigay attitudes and is argued to be the foundation of prejudicial attitudes toward gay men (Habarth et al 2019;Harbaugh and Lindsey 2015). Some theorists suggest the resulting antigay attitudes are due to a perceived threat to the established heteronormative ideology (Herek 1986;Kiss et al 2018;Parrott 2009;Parrott and Zeichner 2008;Theodore and Basow 2000;Whitley and AEgisdóttir 2000).…”

Section: Group-based Social Hierarchies and Heteronormative Ideologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Heteronormativity, Disgust Sensitivity, and Hostile Attitudes toward Gay Men: Potential Mechanisms to Maintain Social Hierarchies

Ray

Parkhill

2020

Sex Roles

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Within a social hierarchy based on sexual orientation, heteronormative ideology serves as a social force that maintains dominant group members' status (e.g., heterosexual men). Disgust may be an emotional reaction to gay men's violation of heteronormativity (i.e., same-sex sexual behavior) and motivate hostile attitudes toward gay men to promote interpersonal and intergroup boundaries. Based on this theoretical framework, we hypothesized that sexual disgust-compared to pathogen or moral disgust-would be most strongly associated with antigay hostility and would statistically mediate its relationship with heteronormativity. Heterosexual men in the United States (n = 409) completed an online questionnaire assessing heteronormative ideology, disgust sensitivity, and hostile attitudes toward gay men. Results support the hypotheses and suggest that gay men's sexual behavior is the most likely elicitor of disgust and antigay hostility, as opposed to a perceived pathogen threat or moral transgression. The findings indicate that heteronormative attitudes and sexual disgust are likely contributors to antigay hostility. Thus, intervention efforts should seek to improve tolerance of same-sex sexual behavior among heterosexual men, which may mitigate emotional reactions and hostile attitudes toward gay men.

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Priority of Access to Fertility Treatments Based on Sexual Orientation and Marital Status: the Views of Gamete Donors and Recipients

2020

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Beyond Simple Differences: Moderators of Gender Differences in Heteronormativity

Cited by 11 publications

References 84 publications

Behavior without beliefs: Profiles of heteronormativity and well-being among heterosexual and non-heterosexual university students in Chile

Behavior without beliefs: Profiles of heteronormativity and well-being among heterosexual and non-heterosexual university students in Chile

Heteronormativity, Disgust Sensitivity, and Hostile Attitudes toward Gay Men: Potential Mechanisms to Maintain Social Hierarchies

Priority of Access to Fertility Treatments Based on Sexual Orientation and Marital Status: the Views of Gamete Donors and Recipients

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