Beyond social exchange theory

Socio-cultural impacts of large-scale cruise tourism in Souq Mutrah, Sultanate of Oman

“…The ways in which local communities cope with the increase in tourism activities depend on the level of the touristic development and if they are affected by it negatively or positively (Doğan 1989: 225). Those who have positive benefits and more satisfying contacts with tourists have also more positive attitudes towards the tourists (Ward & Berno 2011: 1565. Reactions to tourism are formed through different attitudes such as resistance, retreatism, boundary maintenance, revitalization and adoption (Doğan 1989: 232).…”

“…According to Doxey's (1976) four-stage irritation index, the host community changes its attitude towards tourism according to the intensity of the tourism development and the number of tourists visiting the place. The perception of socio-cultural impacts can be linked to realistic and symbolic threats involving the competition for limited resources of a community, for example through overcrowding (Ward & Berno 2011: 1559.…”

Rural Destination Development Based on Olive Oil Tourism: The Impact of Residents’ Community Attachment and Quality of Life on Their Support for Tourism Development

“…Although a number of factors have been studied as predictors of the residents' attitudes towards tourism, the development of theoretical frameworks to interpret research findings has been limited [18]. Therefore, this study's objective was to understand to what extent rural residents' economic, social, environmental and physical benefits perceptions of tourism development in their region affect their intention to support further tourism development.…”

Tourism, sustainable development and perception of stakeholders. A case study in Dominican Republic

“…De esta forma, esta teoría ha proporcionado la base conceptual para el examen de las interrelaciones entre las percepciones de los costes y beneficios, los impactos positivos y negativos y el apoyo al turismo (Ward & Berno, 2011).…”