Beyond the Binary: Exploring the Role of Ambiguity in Biphobia and Transphobia

Garelick, Angela S.; Filip-Crawford, Gabrielle; Varley, Allison H.; Nagoshi, Craig T.; Nagoshi, Julie L.; Evans, Rosalind

doi:10.1080/15299716.2017.1319890

Cited by 32 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In the case of the term "queer," this fits with our understanding of contemporary LGBTQ identities in the United States, since "queer" can be an umbrella term with which many non-heterosexual, non-cisgender individuals identify. However, given that bisexuality is widely considered a misrepresented and stigmatized sexual orientation even within LGBTQ communities (Garelick et al, 2017), it is striking that so many of our respondents identified as "bisexual/pansexual." This result alone demonstrates the need for a greater diversity of options for describing sexual identity in demographic data, which might otherwise preclude bisexual or pansexual individuals (grouped for the purpose of our survey because they are often used together within queer communities) and others from accurately describing their sexualities.…”

Section: Sexual Identity: Shifts Over Time and Multiple Markersmentioning

confidence: 85%

Data for queer lives: How LGBTQ gender and sexuality identities challenge norms of demographics

Ruberg

Ruelos

2020

Big Data & Society

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In this article, we argue that dominant norms of demographic data are insufficient for accounting for the complexities that characterize many lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ, or broadly “queer”) lives. Here, we draw from the responses of 178 people who identified as non-heterosexual or non-cisgender to demographic questions we developed regarding gender and sexual orientation. Demographic data commonly imagines identity as fixed, singular, and discrete. However, our findings suggest that, for LGBTQ people, gender and sexual identities are often multiple and in flux. An overwhelming majority of our respondents reported shifting in their understandings of their sexual identities over time. In addition, for many of our respondents, gender identity was made up of overlapping factors, including the relationship between gender and transgender identities. These findings challenge researchers to reconsider how identity is understood as and through data. Drawing from critical data studies, feminist and queer digital media studies, and social justice initiatives like Data for Black Lives, we call for a reimagining of identity-based data as “queer data” or “data for queer lives.” We offer also recommendations for researchers to develop more inclusive survey questions. At the same time, we address the ways that queer perspectives destabilize the underlying logics of data by resisting classification and “capture.” For marginalized people, the stakes of this work extend beyond academia, especially in the era of algorithms and big data when the issue of who is or is not “counted” profoundly affects visibility, access, and power in the digital realm.

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Section: Sexual Identity: Shifts Over Time and Multiple Markersmentioning

confidence: 85%

Data for queer lives: How LGBTQ gender and sexuality identities challenge norms of demographics

Ruberg

Ruelos

2020

Big Data & Society

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“…More specifically, we argue that gender trouble can elicit different forms of threat in audience members (C. T. Nagoshi et al, 2019;Outten, Lee, & Lawrence, 2019), which, in turn, may prompt the reinforcement of the gender/sex binary through various psychological processes. These processes include (a) cognitive efforts to realign character, costume, and script, including the stereotypical subtyping of troublemakers and motivated cognition such as biased information processing and memory (e.g., E. L. Haines & Jost, 2000); (b) increasing the endorsement of system-justifying beliefs such as benevolent sexism or gender essentialism (e.g., Brescoll, Uhlmann, & Newman, 2013); (c) gender stereotyping and conformity to gender stereotypes (e.g., Laurin, Kay, & Shepherd, 2011); (d) negative attitudes toward, and dehumanization of, gender troublemakers (e.g., Garelick et al, 2017); (e) discrimination and punishment of gender troublemakers, ranging from social and economic penalties to violence, including murder (e.g., Human Rights Campaign, 2018; Rudman, Moss-Racusin, Glick, & Phelan 2012); (f) delegitimization of gender troublemakers and denial of their identity (e.g., Brewster & Moradi, 2010;Friedman, 2014); and (g) the endorsement of policies that strengthen the gender/sex binary and opposition to attempts to dismantle the stage (e.g., Outten et al, 2019;Roberts et al, 2017;Zingora & Graf, 2019).…”

Section: The Psychology Of the Audience's Reaction To Gender Troublementioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Gender Trouble: An Integrative Theoretical Framework of the Perpetuation and Disruption of the Gender/Sex Binary

Morgenroth¹,

Ryan

2020

Perspect Psychol Sci

163

115

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In the Western world, gender has traditionally been viewed in the Western world as binary and as following directly from biological sex. This view is slowly changing among both experts and the general public, a change that has been met with strong opposition. In this article, we explore the psychological processes underlying these dynamics. Drawing on previous work on gender performativity as well as gender as a performance, we develop a psychological framework of the perpetuation and disruption of the gender/sex binary on a stage that facilitates and foregrounds binary gender/sex performance. Whenever character, costume, and script are not aligned the gender/sex binary is disrupted and gender trouble ensues. We integrate various strands of the psychological literature into this framework and explain the processes underlying these reactions. We propose that gender trouble can elicit threat—personal threat, group-based and identity threat, and system threat—which in turn leads to efforts to alleviate this threat through the reinforcement of the gender/sex binary. Our framework challenges the way psychologists have traditionally treated gender/sex in theory and empirical work and proposes new avenues and implications for future research.

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“…Some research reveals the ways that bi- and transphobia are deployed by LG (Gamson 1995; Rust 1993) and heterosexual communities (Eliason 1997; Schilt and Westbrook 2009). More recently, scholars note that not only is it possible that patterns of bi- and transphobia among heterosexuals are overlapping, and have unique gendered connections with religion, but also that these patterns could be distinct from the ways heterosexual people engage in homophobia (Garelick et al 2017). Despite such insights, much remains to interrogate about the connections between bi- and transphobia, homonormativity, and religion.…”

Section: Homonormativity and Christianitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Limits of Homonormativity: Constructions of Bisexual and Transgender People in the Post-gay Era

Mathers

Sumerau

Cragun

2018

Sociological Perspectives

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This article addresses limitations of homonormativity in the pursuit of sexual and gender equality. Based on 20 interviews with cisgender, heterosexual Christian women, we demonstrate how even people who support same-sex marriage and some recognition of cisgender lesbian and gay people as potentially moral individuals may continue marginalization of transgender and bisexual people in their interpretations of gender, sexualities, and religion. We outline two generic processes in the reproduction of inequality which we name (1) deleting and (2) denigrating whereby people may socially construct transgender and bisexual existence as unnatural and unwelcome despite gains for cisgender lesbian and gay people. We argue that examining the social construction of bisexual and transgender people may provide insight into (1) limitations of homonormativity in the pursuit of sexual and/or gender liberation, (2) transgender and bisexual experience, and (3) the relative absence of bisexual and transgender focused analyses in sociology to date.

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Beyond the Binary: Exploring the Role of Ambiguity in Biphobia and Transphobia

Cited by 32 publications

References 48 publications

Data for queer lives: How LGBTQ gender and sexuality identities challenge norms of demographics

Data for queer lives: How LGBTQ gender and sexuality identities challenge norms of demographics

The Effects of Gender Trouble: An Integrative Theoretical Framework of the Perpetuation and Disruption of the Gender/Sex Binary

The Limits of Homonormativity: Constructions of Bisexual and Transgender People in the Post-gay Era

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