Beyond the EVent horizon: Battery waste, recycling, and sustainability in the United Kingdom electric vehicle transition

Skeete, Jean-Paul; Wells, Peter Erskine; Dong, Xue; Heidrich, Oliver; Harper, Gavin

doi:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101581

Cited by 105 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Furthermore, the overall recycling efficiency of the pyrometallurgical process is still low, and it is estimated that this process can only effectively recover around half of the materials from battery waste (Qiao et al, 2019;Zeng et al, 2015). One key reason for this is the technical difficulty of treating heterogeneous waste EV batteries with quite different physical characteristics (e.g., size, and format) and chemical compositions (Huang et al, 2018;Skeete et al, 2020).…”

Section: Contextual Backdropmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Electric Vehicle Battery Waste in China: A Review of Existing Policies

Yang

Long

et al. 2021

Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management

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This paper reviews existing policies for supporting the treatment of electric vehicle (EV) battery waste in China, and identifies some of their major shortcomings that policy makers may like to consider while making policy decisions. The shortcomings of existing policies identified in this paper include: 1) no clear provisions for historical and orphan batteries; 2) no target for battery collection; 3) unclear definition of the scope of authority among various central and local agencies involved in the regulation of waste battery treatment; 4) unclear requirements for data auditing and verification for tracking the entire life cycle of EV batteries; 5) limited consideration of the challenges to ensure stakeholder cooperation; and 6) no explicit specification of the mechanisms for financing waste battery treatment. This paper also makes some practical policy suggestions for overcoming these shortcomings.

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Section: Contextual Backdropmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Electric Vehicle Battery Waste in China: A Review of Existing Policies

Yang

Long

et al. 2021

Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management

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“…Over the past few decades, lithium‐ion batteries (LIB) occupied the dominant position on the market of energy storage devices due to the relatively high energy densities and decent charge/discharge rates. [ 1 ] The constantly growing number of electric vehicles, [ 2 ] portable devices, [ 3 ] and stationary energy storage systems [ 4 ] provoked an increased demand for materials used in the LIB industry. This trend caused a number of environmental concerns associated with the use of state‐of‐the‐art cathode materials, which contain lithium and transition metals.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This trend caused a number of environmental concerns associated with the use of state‐of‐the‐art cathode materials, which contain lithium and transition metals. In particular, the problems associated with recycling of such materials [ 2 ] and limited resources of lithium [ 5 ] are among the hottest discussion topics for environment monitoring organizations and research societies nowadays. These issues together with the policies for sustainable development [ 6 ] introduced by a number of countries motivate researchers to search for alternatives to LIBs.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Dihydrophenazine‐Based Copolymers as Promising Cathode Materials for Dual‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2020

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Herein, two novel copolymers of dihydrophenazine with diphenylamine (PDPAPZ) and phenothiazine (PPTZPZ) are synthesized and investigated as cathode materials for dual‐ion batteries. Both polymers demonstrate high average discharge potentials (3.5–3.6 V) in lithium cells. The PDPAPZ//Li cells demonstrate impressive rate capability: specific capacities of 101 and 82 mAh g−1 are reached under galvanostatic charging and discharging at the high current densities of 5 and 20 A g−1, respectively. The capacity retention of 86% and 34% after 100 and 25 000 cycles, respectively, features decent operational stability of the batteries. Furthermore, an encouraging energy density of 398 Wh kg−1 is achieved in potassium PDPAPZ//K cells. The obtained values place PDPAPZ on par with the best organic cathode materials for fast lithium and potassium batteries.

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“…Most batteries used in EVs currently have a minimum warranty of 8-year (Neubauer and Pesaran, 2011;Skeete et al, 2020). According to answers of 24 experts, the average life of an EV battery in 2030 is estimated as 12.2 years assuming the development is technically progressive ( Figure 2B).…”

Section: Experts' Opinion On Calendar Lifetime Of Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tackling xEV Battery Chemistry in View of Raw Material Supply Shortfalls

et al. 2020

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The growing number of Electric Vehicles poses a serious challenge at the end-of-life for battery manufacturers and recyclers. Manufacturers need access to strategic or critical materials for the production of a battery system. Recycling of end-of-life electric vehicle batteries may ensure a constant supply of critical materials, thereby closing the material cycle in the context of a circular economy. However, the resource-use per cell and thus its chemistry is constantly changing, due to supply disruption or sharply rising costs of certain raw materials along with higher performance expectations from electric vehicle-batteries. It is vital to further explore the nickel-rich cathodes, as they promise to overcome the resource and cost problems. With this study, we aim to analyze the expected development of dominant cell chemistries of Lithium-Ion Batteries until 2030, followed by an analysis of the raw materials availability. This is accomplished with the help of research studies and additional experts’ survey which defines the scenarios to estimate the battery chemistry evolution and the effect it has on a circular economy. In our results, we will discuss the annual demand for global e-mobility by 2030 and the impact of Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt based cathode chemistries on a sustainable economy. Estimations beyond 2030 are subject to high uncertainty due to the potential market penetration of innovative technologies that are currently under research (e.g. solid-state Lithium-Ion and/or sodium-based batteries).

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Beyond the EVent horizon: Battery waste, recycling, and sustainability in the United Kingdom electric vehicle transition

Cited by 105 publications

References 60 publications

Treatment of Electric Vehicle Battery Waste in China: A Review of Existing Policies

Treatment of Electric Vehicle Battery Waste in China: A Review of Existing Policies

Dihydrophenazine‐Based Copolymers as Promising Cathode Materials for Dual‐Ion Batteries

Tackling xEV Battery Chemistry in View of Raw Material Supply Shortfalls

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