Beyond the “hot-and-cold” game: A demonstration of computer-controlled shaping

Silva, Francisco J.

doi:10.3758/bf03207694

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…( 1993 ), Green and Bavelier ( 2003 ), Koepp et al. ( 1998 ), Silva ( 1999 ) (TS, and TS mixed with randomized conditions) Correspondence training, “Say-Do” Symbolic or live models typically represented with a language frame; others elicit what individual says will do and reinforcement follows Increased rates of targeted behaviors such as academic engagement, disturbing behavior or self-care behaviors Anderson and Merrett ( 1997 ), Luciano et al. ( 2001 ), Luciano-Soriano et al.…”

Section: Kernel Definition Derivation and Examplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence-based Kernels: Fundamental Units of Behavioral Influence

Embry¹,

Biglan

2008

Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev

337

270

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This paper describes evidence-based kernels, fundamental units of behavioral influence that appear to underlie effective prevention and treatment for children, adults, and families. A kernel is a behavior-influence procedure shown through experimental analysis to affect a specific behavior and that is indivisible in the sense that removing any of its components would render it inert. Existing evidence shows that a variety of kernels can influence behavior in context, and some evidence suggests that frequent use or sufficient use of some kernels may produce longer lasting behavioral shifts. The analysis of kernels could contribute to an empirically based theory of behavioral influence, augment existing prevention or treatment efforts, facilitate the dissemination of effective prevention and treatment practices, clarify the active ingredients in existing interventions, and contribute to efficiently developing interventions that are more effective. Kernels involve one or more of the following mechanisms of behavior influence: reinforcement, altering antecedents, changing verbal relational responding, or changing physiological states directly. The paper describes 52 of these kernels, and details practical, theoretical, and research implications, including calling for a national database of kernels that influence human behavior.Keywords Evidence-based kernels Á Public-health benefits Á Prevention Á Treatment This paper presents an analysis of fundamental units of behavioral influence that underlie effective prevention and treatment. We call these units kernels. They have two defining features. First, in experimental analysis, researchers have found them to have a reliable effect on one or more specific behaviors. Second, they are fundamental units of behavior influence in the sense that deleting any component of a kernel would render it inert. Understanding kernels could contribute to an empirically based theory of behavioral influence, facilitate dissemination of effective prevention and treatment practices, clarify the active ingredients in existing interventions, and contribute to developing interventions that are more efficient and effective. Subsequent sections of this paper expand on the two essential features of evidence-based kernels, as well as the origins of the idea and terminology.The ultimate goals of treatment and prevention research are a reduction of the prevalence of the most common and costly problems of behavior and an increase in the prevalence of wellbeing. Current thinking about how to accomplish this assumes that we will identify empirically supported programs and, to a lesser extent, policies, and will disseminate them widely and effectively. Although substantial progress is occurring through this strategy, there are at least four limitations to it that point to the value of kernels as a complementary strategy.First, it is difficult to implement a program's efficacy widely with fidelity or effectiveness. Ringwalt et al. (2003) surveyed a sample of 1,795 school staff members who were i...

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Section: Kernel Definition Derivation and Examplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence-based Kernels: Fundamental Units of Behavioral Influence

Embry¹,

Biglan

2008

Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev

337

270

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Despite the utility of single-subject experimentation and recent growing interest in such research with humans (Dermer & Hoch, 1999;Morgan & Morgan, 2001), there is a dearth of instructional software. Silva (1999) introduced software for the Macintosh® operating system that allows students to study shaping. The software tracks how a student moves a cursor on a computer screen and shapes movements as a function of various parameters until the cursor "hits" a target (Silva, 1999;Silva, Yuille, & Peters, 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Silva (1999) introduced software for the Macintosh® operating system that allows students to study shaping. The software tracks how a student moves a cursor on a computer screen and shapes movements as a function of various parameters until the cursor "hits" a target (Silva, 1999;Silva, Yuille, & Peters, 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

Using CHAINS, a QuickBASIC 4.5 Program, to Teach Single-Subject Experimentation with Humans

Dermer

2004

Teaching of Psychology

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Students enrolled in a single-subject design course studied the repeated acquisition of response sequences by using CHAINS, a QuickBASIC 4.5 program, which runs in DOS or Windows®. For about 2 months, students examined the learning of such sequences as a function of various treatments. Each week students graphed their data, discussed their research, modified their experiments, and then wrote American Psychological Association-style manuscripts. Students positively evaluated CHAINS and the instructional process. Suggestions for future instruction include distributing students' manuscripts the following semester so new students can replicate earlier work and using the alternating treatments design, which quickly permits comparing treatments.

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Beyond the “hot-and-cold” game: A demonstration of computer-controlled shaping

Cited by 2 publications

References 9 publications

Evidence-based Kernels: Fundamental Units of Behavioral Influence

Evidence-based Kernels: Fundamental Units of Behavioral Influence

Using CHAINS, a QuickBASIC 4.5 Program, to Teach Single-Subject Experimentation with Humans

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