Beyond the Looking-Glass Self: Social Structure and Efficacy-Based Self-Esteem

Gecas, Viktor; Schwalbe, Michael

doi:10.2307/3033844

Cited by 401 publications

(289 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…For example, in self-report situations are we more inclined to report inner self-esteem (i.e., personal feelings of competence and effectiveness), whereas ratings by others are more dependent on reputational or outer criteria? Measurement considerations of this type will become increasingly important as researchers move away from unidimensional conceptualizations of the self to explore specific components, such as social confidence (Fleming & Courtney, 1984;Fleming & Watts, 1980) or self-efficacy (Gecas, 1982;Gecas & Schwalbe, 1983), and to assess the developmental change and stability of various dimensions (Savin-Williams & Demo, 1984).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The measurement of self-esteem: Refining our methods.

Demo¹

1985

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

289

189

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Abstract:A review of the literature indicates that (a) very little attention has been devoted to measurement problems plaguing the study of self-esteem and (b) few studies employ more than one type of self-esteem instrument. This study addresses these issues by using eight measures of self-esteem involving self-reports, ratings by others, and a projective instrument. Their intercorrelations are examined to provide preliminary validational evidence; then, confirmatory factor analysis is used to construct measurement models and further assess the validity of the measures. The results suggest that two traditional questionnaires and a personal interview are valid in measuring experienced self-esteem, and three measures involving ratings by others are valid in measuring presented self-esteem These findings are consistent with previous multidimensional conceptualizations of self-esteem, indicating that a variety of methods is necessary to adequately measure selfconcept.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The measurement of self-esteem: Refining our methods.

Demo¹

1985

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

289

189

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“…Participants were clear that the issue was one of both internal pride, but also external reputation. The self being shamed by acts of disrespect was a "looking-glass self" (Gecas & Schwalbe, 1983) involving the eyes of significant others: …”

Section: Qualitative Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of disrespect on prisoners’ aggression: outcomes of experimentally inducing violence-supportive cognitions

Butler

Maruna

2009

Psychology, Crime & Law

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Self-report research suggests that much violence is triggered by perceived insults and disrespect. This may be particularly true in the context of a prison or another environment of acute deprivation, whereby individuals have little other recourse to means of reputation enhancement. This paper presents the findings of two studies conducted with prisoner volunteers inside a Category C (minimum security) prison in England. In the first study, the authors randomly assigned a sample of 89 prisoners to one of two conditions: the experimental group were asked to discuss times they have been disrespected by authority figures inside and outside the prison; the control group were asked more neutral questions. Both groups then completed several measures of cognitive beliefs, distortions, and hostile attribution biases. None of the measures differed across the two groups except the measure of excuse and justification acceptance. Controlling for other factors, the experimental group endorsed these rationalizations at a significantly higher rate than the control group. This finding suggests that raising the salience of disrespect -reminding prisoners of times they have been made to feel unworthy of consideration -may raise the risk that prisoners will engage in violence by providing prisoners with justifications or excuses for actions they might not otherwise endorse. These findings received some additional validation in the second study, a qualitative analysis of offender accounts of violence and aggression within the prison. Implications for reducing violence within prisons are discussed.

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“…The self-esteem of returning college women grew as feelings of power and competence came with new knowledge (Karen, 1990). Similar findings came from Coopersmith (1990:4), and Gecas and Schwalbe (1983). Background variables were also examined.…”

Section: Locus Of Controlmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Self-consistency extends to the looking-glass self, because the perceived appraisal influences self-esteem more than an actual response, according to Stidwell (1984:17), who cited Gecas (1983), Miyamoto and Dornbusch (1956), Quarantelli and Cooper (1966), and Reeder, Donohue, and Biblartz (1960). An example adapted from Shepard (1993:137) is: when her date arrives, the young woman thinks to herself, "He's so quiet, I must look awful!"…”

Section: Evaluation Attribution and Consistencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Student self-esteem and the looking-glass self: perceptions of emotional support, role models, and academic success on a community college campus

McNair

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Beyond the Looking-Glass Self: Social Structure and Efficacy-Based Self-Esteem

Cited by 401 publications

References 21 publications

The measurement of self-esteem: Refining our methods.

The measurement of self-esteem: Refining our methods.

The impact of disrespect on prisoners’ aggression: outcomes of experimentally inducing violence-supportive cognitions

Student self-esteem and the looking-glass self: perceptions of emotional support, role models, and academic success on a community college campus

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