Beyond the Silicon Valley: University R&D and high-technology location

The Spatio-Relational Nature of Urban Innovation Systems: Universities, Knowledge Intensive Business Service Firms, and Collaborative Networks

“…While previous work has shown that university knowledge spillovers are effective at distances of between 97 Km and 161 Km (Woodward et al 2006;Warren et al 2008;Hausman 2012) the following analysis utilises a lower threshold to deliberately capture the intra-urban nature of collaborative network linkages in the UK. The UK is a densely populated nation, with an urban population density of over 4300 per KM, compared with around 430 for the country as a whole (ONS, 2013 …”

Entry by research-based spin-offs: the determinants of regional variation

“…In this sense, several studies show that different factors associated to regional characteristics are also considered crucial for the location of the new knowledge and high-technology firms (Audretsch and Feldman, 2004;Audretsch et al, 2005;Baptista and Mendonça, 2010;Buenstorf and Geissler, 2011;Woodward et al, 2006). Thus, regional characteristics assume a leading role in the location of RBSOs at the time of their creation.…”

“…Access to financial assets is crucial to the creation of spin-offs, particularly the availability of venture capital, due to its greater propensity to finance hog-risk start-ups 5 (Di Gregorio and Shane, 2003;Landry et al, 2006; Powers and E En nt tr ry y b by y r re es se ea ar rc ch h--b ba as se ed d s sp pi in n--o of ff fs s: : t th he e d de et te er rm mi in na an nt ts s o of f r re eg gi io on na al l v va ar ri ia at ti io on n _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ (Armington and Acs, 2002;Figueiredo et al, 2002). In the specific case of knowledgebased firms, access to specialized and qualified labor is indeed an essential resource, so its existence directly influences location decisions (Audretsch et al, 2005;Evila et al, 2011¸ Kim et al, 2012Woodward et al, 2006).…”

“…According to Figueiredo et al (2002) the regional concentration of companies is also explained by the need of start-ups to be located in metropolitan areas and urban centers that are characterized by extensive resources, concentration of higher education institutions, technological research facilities and a wide range of market opportunities. Subsequent studies confirm that this proximity to urban centers is a crucial factor for the science-based firms (Baptista and Mendonça, 2010;van Geenhuizen, 2008;Woodward et al, 2006). Therefore, considering that regional characteristics do matter with regard to the intensity of RBSO creation in a given region, we advance the following hypotheses: resources do not determine the location at regional level, and so are not considered in our analysis -we only consider factors that may affect differences in RBSO creation across regions.…”

“…TTO and incubators (Lockett and Wright, 2005;O´Shea et al, 2005;Powers and McDougall, 2005); (4) the nature and type of technology, namely their pervasiveness, novelty and intellectual property protection (Conceição et al, 2012;Gilsing et al, 2010;Shane, 2001);and (5) the external characteristics, i.e. the regional infrastructures that impact on spin-off activity, such as venture capital availability, knowledge infrastructures and industry structure (Audretsch et al, 2005;Stam, 2010;Woodward et al, 2006).…”