Beyond Willpower: Strategies for Reducing Failures of Self-Control

Duckworth, Angela; Milkman, Katherine L.; Laibson, David

doi:10.1177/1529100618821893

Cited by 179 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 250 publications

(308 reference statements)

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“…As the field shifts away from the notion of effortful inhibition, recent theorizing suggests that self-control can also be more effortless as a function of using different strategies that prevent the experience of temptation (or conflict) in the first place (Duckworth, Gendler, et al, 2016;Hofmann & Kotabe, 2012). While there is a lot of emerging work examining which strategies people may use in the pursuit of their goals (e.g., Duckworth, Milkman, & Laibson, 2018;Hennecke et al, 2019;Hofmann & Kotabe, 2012), the most prominent framework that lays the foundation for more strategic self-control is the process model of self-control (Duckworth, Gendler, et al, 2016).…”

Section: Process Model Of Self-controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Models of Self-Regulation

Inzlicht

Werner

Briskin

et al. 2021

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

342

220

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Self-regulation is a core aspect of human functioning that helps facilitate the successful pursuit of personal goals. There has been a proliferation of theories and models describing different aspects of self-regulation both within and outside of psychology. All of these models provide insights about self-regulation, but sometimes they talk past each other, make only shallow contributions, or make contributions that are underappreciated by scholars working in adjacent areas. The purpose of this article is to integrate across the many different models in order to refine the vast literature on self-regulation. To achieve this objective, we first review some of the more prominent models of self-regulation coming from social psychology, personality psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. We then integrate across these models based on four key elements—level of analysis, conflict, emotion, and cognitive functioning—specifically identifying points of convergence but also points of insufficient emphasis. We close with prescriptions for future research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 72 is January 5, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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Section: Process Model Of Self-controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Models of Self-Regulation

Inzlicht

Werner

Briskin

et al. 2021

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

342

220

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…From a policy perspective, this would be good news; habit formation is improvable while inhibitory control may not be (Diamond, 2013;Thorell et al, 2009). Although high levels of selfcontrol seem to predict good behavior in many areas of life, it is important to notice that self-control does not matter in situations where people do not understand the costs and benefits of their choices (Duckworth et al, 2018). This means that, without the necessary knowledge or, in financial matters, financial literacy, people will not be able to make informed decisions, and selfcontrol will not be as important.…”

Section: Some Reflections On the Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Control, Financial Well-Being, and Motivated Reasoning : Essays in Behavioral Finance

Strömbäck

2020

Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences

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“…For example, one can choose to implement a nudge in one's own kitchen by moving tempting but undesirable foods to harder-to-reach places. In Duckworth, Milkman, and Laibson's (2018) classification of self-control strategies, self-nudging falls into the category of self-deployed situational strategies. The approach of self-nudging draws inspiration from three sources.…”

Section: Self-nudging: Boosting Control Over One's Digital Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Citizens Versus the Internet: Confronting Digital Challenges With Cognitive Tools

Kozyreva¹,

Lewandowsky²,

Hertwig³

2019

Preprint

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The Internet has evolved into a ubiquitous and indispensable digital environment in which people communicate, seek information, and make decisions. Despite offering various benefits, online environments are also replete with smart, highly adaptive choice architectures designed primarily to maximize commercial interests, capture and sustain users’ attention, monetize user data, and predict and influence future behavior. This online landscape holds multiple negative consequences for society, such as a decline in human autonomy, rising incivility in online conversation, the facilitation of political extremism, and the spread of disinformation. Benevolent choice architects working with regulators may curb the worst excesses of manipulative choice architectures, yet the strategic advantages, resources, and data remain with commercial players. One way to address this imbalance is with interventions that empower Internet users to gain some control over their digital environments, in part by boosting their information literacy and their cognitive resistance to manipulation. Our goal is to present a conceptual map of interventions that are based on insights from psychological science. We begin by systematically outlining how online and offline environments differ despite being increasingly inextricable. We then identify four major types of challenges that users encounter in online environments: persuasive and manipulative choice architectures, AI-assisted information architectures, false and misleading information, and distractive environments. Next, we turn to how psychological science can inform interventions to counteract these challenges of the digital world. After distinguishing between three types of behavioral and cognitive interventions—nudges, technocognition, and boosts—we focus in on boosts, of which we identify two main groups: (1) those aimed at enhancing people’s agency in their digital environments (e.g., self-nudging, deliberate ignorance) and (2) those aimed at boosting competences of reasoning and resilience to manipulation (e.g., simple decision aids, inoculation). These cognitive tools are designed to foster the civility of online discourse and protect reason and human autonomy against manipulative choice architectures, attention-grabbing techniques, and the spread of false information.

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Beyond Willpower: Strategies for Reducing Failures of Self-Control

Cited by 179 publications

References 250 publications

Integrating Models of Self-Regulation

Integrating Models of Self-Regulation

Self-Control, Financial Well-Being, and Motivated Reasoning : Essays in Behavioral Finance

Citizens Versus the Internet: Confronting Digital Challenges With Cognitive Tools

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