“…RS1 is adjacent to the base of the inner dynein arm, while RS2 and RS3are respectively attached to the front and back of the nexin–dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) and the calmodulin- and spoke-associated complex (CSC) ( Zhu et al, 2017 ). Defects of several genes that encode CSC components have been reported to be related to MMAF, including CFAP61 ( Ma A. et al, 2021 ; Liu M. et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2022 ), CFAP91 ( Martinez et al, 2020 ), CFAP206 ( Shen et al, 2021 ) and CFAP251 ( Auguste et al, 2018 ; Kherraf et al, 2018 ; Li W. et al, 2019 ; Wang J. et al, 2021 ). Early in 2007, Dymek and Smith conducted immunoprecipitation experiments using anti-CaM antibodies and found that the CSC is comprised of three polypeptides, namely, CaM-IP2, CaM-IP3 and CaM-IP4, which are also termed as CFAP61, CFAP91 and CFAP251, respectively ( Dymek and Smith, 2007 ).…”