Bi(Ⅲ) and Ce(Ⅳ) functionalized carbon nitride photocatalyst for antibiotic degradation: Synthesis, toxicity, and mechanism investigations

Ce-Doped Nanosheet as Visible Light Photocatalyst for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride

“…37,60 Hence, a higher proportion of adsorbed oxygen typically resulted in a higher concentration of OVs in the system. 25,26,29 As expected, the ratio of O ads /(O lattice + O ads ) in the catalysts showed the same trend as that of the surface Ce 3+ content. The highest adsorbed oxygen content over the BWCe-10 catalyst (32.1%) also suggests the formation of more OVs (Table S3).…”

“…The peaks of the Ce 3d 5/2 and Ce 3d 3/2 states are marked with “V” and “U”, respectively. The four peaks assigned to U 0 , V 0 , U 1 , and V 1 can be assigned to Ce 3+ , whereas the others can be classified as Ce 4+ . ,− In particularly, the characteristic peaks of Ce 3+ are generally considered to indicate the existence of OVs on the oxide surfaces of photocatalysts. , Usually, oxygen exists in the metal oxide in the form of an oxidation state of 2 – . When oxygen atoms leave the surface, to maintain the electrostatic equilibrium, two electrons might be transferred to the metal ions, resulting in surface oxygen vacancy defects and low-valence cations .…”

“…31−35 The photocatalytic performance of graphite-phase carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) codoped with Bi(III)/ Ce(IV) for RhB and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), which was due to the rapid carrier separation and gap width narrowing after modification. 26 TiO 2 codoped with Yb/Er/Ce displayed efficient photocatalytic performance for the elimination of 4chlorophenol (4-CP) and RhB. 14 Ce, Er, and Yb ions acted as electron mediators during electron transfer from TiO 2 , promoting effective separation of photogenerated carriers.…”

“…The rare earth element of cerium (Ce) with unique 4f electron transition properties and photometric characteristics has been used to efficiently improve the activity of photocatalysts via heterostructure construction and ion doping. − Particularly, the oxygen storage capacity of CeO 2 (Ce 3+ ↔ Ce 4+ ) makes it possess Ce 4+ /Ce 3+ pairs, suggesting the existence of oxygen vacancies (OVs) in the system . OVs in photocatalysts can stimulate the separation of photoinduced carriers and extend the utilization efficiency of visible light − by adjusting the electronic structure and narrowing the band gap, efficiently enhancing the photocatalytic degradation of contaminants. − The photocatalytic performance of graphite-phase carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) codoped with Bi­(III)/Ce­(IV) for RhB and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), which was due to the rapid carrier separation and gap width narrowing after modification . TiO 2 codoped with Yb/Er/Ce displayed efficient photocatalytic performance for the elimination of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and RhB .…”

Photocatalytic Enhancement Strategy with the Introduction of Metallic Bi: A Review on Bi/Semiconductor Photocatalysts

“…Khavar et al [30] synthesized a novel ternary WO 3 /Bi/g-C 3 N 4 composite via a hydrothermal-calcination method, which also presented excellent photocatalytic properties in the photodegradation of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. In addition, Zhang et al [180] prepared Bi/Ce/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts for the photocatalytic degradation of RhB and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). They used Ecosar ecotoxicity evaluation and leaching toxicity test to simulate and evaluate the ecotoxicity of SMX and its 13 intermediates, and analysed the acute and chronic toxicity.…”