Bone metastasis is the most common distant relapse in breast cancer. The identification of key proteins involved in the osteotropic phenotype would represent a major step toward the development of new prognostic markers and therapeutic improvements. The aim of this study was to characterize functional phenotypes that favor bone metastasis in human breast cancer. We used the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and its osteotropic BO2 subclone to identify crucial proteins in bone metastatic growth. We identified 31 proteins, 15 underexpressed and 16 overexpressed, in BO2 cells compared with parental cells. We employed a network-modeling approach in which these 31 candidate proteins were prioritized with respect to their potential in metastasis formation, based on the topology of the protein-protein interaction network and differential expression. The protein-protein interaction network provided a framework to study the functional relationships between biological molecules by attributing functions to genes whose functions had not been characterized. The combination of expression profiles and protein interactions revealed an endoplasmic reticulum-thiol oxidoreductase, ERp57, function- Large-scale genomic analysis has provided a wealth of information on biologically relevant systems, and the ability to analyze this information is crucial to uncovering important biological relationships. In breast cancer, microarray gene expression analysis is a promising technique for providing consistent patterns of variation in bone metastasis gene expression; the most common metastasis (80%) in those women who progress to an advanced stage of disease (1-4). However, a large number of genes with many diverse functions are identified as prognostic markers, without revealing much about the underlying biological mechanism.Genes that enhance or suppress bone metastasis are associated with multiple cellular processes that normally occur during metastasis progression, including survival and proliferation in the bone marrow microenvironment, and modification of bone structure and function (1). Many genes in this group encode secretory or cell surface proteins involved in cell homing to bone, angiogenesis, invasion, and osteoclast recruitment (1, 2, 5). Moreover, emerging evidence from murine models suggests that tumor-specific endocrine factors systematically stimulate the quiescent bone marrow compartment (BM), resulting in a BM-derived tumor microenvironment From the ‡Biological Clues