Biaxial test results for strength and deformation of a range of E-glass and carbon fibre reinforced composite laminates: failure exercise benchmark data

Modelling of strain rate effects on matrix dominated elastic and failure properties of unidirectional fibre-reinforced polymer–matrix composites

“…However, depending on the material, a kink band can also be promoted prior to fibre failure by an initial fibre misalignment [11]. Thus, compressive failure envelopes for combined compression/shear are strongly dependent on the material investigated, see Figure 1, which shows a selection of experimental results available in the literature [12], [13], [14].…”

Biaxial Tensile Strength Characterization of Textile Composite Materials

“…Multi-axial stress states were formerly created with thin-walled tubes subjected to internal pressure, torsion and axial loads [10], [11], [15]. These specimens allow simultaneous application of tensile and compressive longitudinal loads, as well as tangential and shear loads, therefore representing a versatile scheme for the conduction of multi-axial characterization ( Figure 1).…”

“…Some studies also reveal high stress concentrations on the gripping ends. A further disadvantage is a pressure leakage after the onset of matrix failure, although some correction can be provided by internal linings [15]. …”

“…Testing biaxially-loaded cruciform specimens represent a more direct approach for obtaining true biaxial stress states, and consequently this method has gained wide acceptance [7], [8], [10], [11], [15]. As suggested by many researchers in the field [7], [10], [13], an ideal cruciform specimen should accomplish the following features: i) It should be capable of generating a sufficiently wide and homogenous biaxial stress/strain field in the gauge area, ii) failure must occur in the predefined gauge zone, iii) the cruciform should accept arbitrary biaxial load ratios for generating a complete failure envelope (within a desired range), iv) both the tested and the reinforcement layers should be of the same material, v) the transition between the gauge zone and the reinforced regions should be gradual enough as to avoid undesirable high stress concentrations, vi) the cruciform fillet radius should be as small as possible in order to reduce stress coupling effects, and vii) stress measurements in the test area should be comparable to nominal values obtained by dividing each applied load by its corresponding cross-sectional area.…”

Three-Dimensional Static and Dynamic Analysis of a Composite Cruciform Structure Subjected to Biaxial Loading: A Discontinuum Approach

“…For instance, in the fuselage of an aircraft multi-axial loadings are observed during working conditions. Then, it is required a better understanding of these materials under multiple loading in different directions [20]. In this article a 3D CGRP composite specimen is studied submitted to in-plane biaxial loading.…”