Bicycle helmet promotion among low income preschool children

Britt, John; Silver, Ilene F.; Rivara, Frederick P.

doi:10.1136/ip.4.4.280

Cited by 28 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Legislation has proved highly effective in increasing helmet use,8 and interventions have been identified that significantly improve helmet-wearing 9 10. In the absence of either legislation or intervention, helmet use has been found to be associated with parental encouragement,11 peer influences,11 12 children’s attitudes,13 – 16 and levels of neighborhood deprivation 10 17 18…”

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Demographic, socioeconomic, and attitudinal associations with children’s cycle-helmet use in the absence of legislation

Lang

2007

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The association of demographic, socioeconomic, and attitudinal factors with children's cycle-helmet use was investigated using self-reported data from 9775 children aged 8-12 in England, where there are currently no legal requirements that cyclists (of any age) wear helmets. The results suggest that demographic factors, socioeconomic status, and attitudes influence whether children wear bicycle helmets but that attitudinal factors are most important. W earing a helmet when cycling can reduce mortality related to collisions 1 and lowers the risk of head, brain, and face injuries. [2][3][4][5][6] The protective effect of helmets is greatest in children, who have most cycling-related head injuries.5 7 Legislation has proved highly effective in increasing helmet use, 8 and interventions have been identified that significantly improve helmet-wearing.9 10 In the absence of either legislation or intervention, helmet use has been found to be associated with parental encouragement, 11 peer influences, 11 12 children's attitudes, [13][14][15][16] and levels of neighborhood deprivation. 10 17 18 In this study, I assessed the combined effects of demographic, socioeconomic, and attitudinal factors on cycle-helmet wearing in children aged 8-12 in the absence of legislation or local ordinances on helmet wearing. I used nationally representative cross-sectional data to compare the effects of demographic, socioeconomic, and attitudinal factors, and to assess the strength of their relationship with children's cyclehelmet use. METHODSStudy population and design Data for this study came from consecutive waves of the Health Survey for England (HSE) from 1997 to 2004. The HSE is a nationally representative survey of individuals aged 2 and over living in households in England, the aim of which is to provide information about health and to assess progress towards health targets. HSE data are publicly accessible from the Data Archive of the UK Economic and Social Data Service (www.esds.ac.uk). From 1997 to 2004, 13 985 children aged 8-12 participated in the HSE and were asked questions relating to cycle-helmet use. I used data on 9775 of these children in this study. Figure 1 gives a flow chart showing how respondents were selected for inclusion.Demographic, socioeconomic, and attitudinal measures I classified explanatory variables into three categories: demographic, socioeconomic, and attitudinal. Demographic variables were: age (in years); gender; degree of urbanization (urban, suburban, rural; categorized by interviewers when visiting households). Socioeconomic variables were occupational social class of the head of household in six categories (professional; managerial and technical; skilled non-manual; skilled manual; semi-skilled manual; unskilled) and standardized equivalized household income split by deciles (categories: £34 211 and above; £24 595-34 210; £19 439-24 594; £15 690-19 438; £12 466-15 689; £10 196-12 465; £7685-10 195; £5532-7684; £4160-5530; £0-4159).As part of the HSE, children were asked to respond to six sta...

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Demographic, socioeconomic, and attitudinal associations with children’s cycle-helmet use in the absence of legislation

Lang

2007

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“…10 Programs based outside the medical setting are needed to improve the delivery of injury prevention services to preschool aged children. Previously evaluated interventions have been delivered at preschools, with 11 and without 12 a home based component, and as community education campaigns. 13 14 These services have been provided by public health nurses 15 and by home visitors.…”

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A preschool program for safety and injury prevention delivered by home visitors

Johnston

2000

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“…Interventions to increase helmet use rates by providing discounted or free helmets coupled with education have shown success. One study increased rates from a 4% baseline to 18% (Parkin et al, 1995), while another increased rates from 43% to 89% (Britt et al, 1998). Programs using community activities, coupons, group purchases, and helmet use reinforcement through rewards and regulations showed success in increasing helmet use rates from a 1% baseline to 33% (Farley et al, 1996).…”

Section: Training and Education Programsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of studies on pedestrian and bicyclist safety, 1991-2007

2012

Annals of Emergency Medicine

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Bicycle helmet promotion among low income preschool children

Abstract: This multifaceted helmet promotion program successfully increased helmet use. Similar home visit protocols may be useful to evaluate the impact of other injury intervention programs.

Cited by 28 publications

References 12 publications

Demographic, socioeconomic, and attitudinal associations with children’s cycle-helmet use in the absence of legislation

Demographic, socioeconomic, and attitudinal associations with children’s cycle-helmet use in the absence of legislation

A preschool program for safety and injury prevention delivered by home visitors

Review of studies on pedestrian and bicyclist safety, 1991-2007

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