Bidding Strategy for Aggregators of Electric Vehicles in Day-Ahead Electricity Markets

Yun-peng, Guo; Liu, Weijia; Wen, Fushuan; Salam, Abdus; Mao, Jianwei; Li, Liang

doi:10.3390/en10010144

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…1 All the charging loads of EVs at the charging stations or charging facilities that are connected to one bus are grouped into one load, and the ACE for each bus is evaluated in our model. 2 EVs are divided into the following four categories in this paper: Electric buses, taxies, private cars, and social vehicles (mainly referring to rental cars). Each type of vehicle is affiliated with a corresponding charging rate.…”

Section: Formulation Of the Proposed Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Accommodation Capability for Electric Vehicles of a Distribution System Considering Coordinated Charging Strategies

et al. 2019

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In recent years, the ever-increasing charging demand of electric vehicles (EVs) imposes challenges on both power supply security and reliability in the distribution system. In this paper, an EV accommodation capability evaluation model of a distribution system, with high penetrations of flexible resources, is established. Firstly, according to the actual classifications of EVs and transportation rules, a Monte Carlo simulation is used to simulate the charging behaviors of EVs so as to obtain the relevant parameters of EV charging. Then, a coordinated charging optimization model for various types of EVs is proposed based on the charging characteristics of EVs. The presented model comprises a mixed-integer linear programming problem and a constrained optimization problem which are respectively solved by CPLEX (the Simplex method implemented in the • C programming language) and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Last of all, a real-life distribution system in the coastal areas of China is served for demonstrating the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed approach. Moreover, the impacts of flexible resources, distribution network zoning rules, and EV growth on the EV accommodation capability of a distribution system are also discussed.Energies 2019, 12, 3056 2 of 20 capability for EVs (ACE). At the same time, the optimized EV charging load (OECL) obtained by the coordinated charging strategies is also conducive to understanding the relationship between EV accommodation and charging load distribution.It is generally agreed that the problems of environmental pollution and energy security can be abated by increasing the penetration level of both EVs and flexible resources, such as a variety of distributed generations (DGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). Flexible resources on the demand side will play a pivotal role in reducing load fluctuations in the distribution system [10]. Besides, better utilization of the flexible resources on both power supply and demand sides is one approach to increase the ACE. Joint optimal scheduling of flexible resources and EVs have been investigated by a number of researchers. Simultaneous provision of interruptible loads for flexible ramping products and demand relief are considered in Reference [11]. The impact of EVs and demand response (DR) on the flexibility of a microgrid are analyzed in Reference [12]. A multi-objective optimal scheduling method for a distribution network with the integration of numerous EVs is proposed in Reference [13].In terms of the ACE evaluation, there are mainly two types of methods. One method is to optimize the maximum ACE under the assumption of EV behaviors being guided by a smart charging strategy or a market mechanism. In Reference [14], a market mechanism that optimally allocates available charging capacity is proposed, considering the network stability and the EV owners' individual preferences. In Reference [15], a market-based multi-agent control mechanism that takes into account the distribution transformer and voltage constra...

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Section: Formulation Of the Proposed Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rapid development of electric vehicles (EVs) has received extensive attention [1][2][3], due to their great potential for saving energy, and reducing emissions. The ever-increasing penetration of EV charging demand has been observed in many actual power distribution systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Accommodation Capability for Electric Vehicles of a Distribution System Considering Coordinated Charging Strategies

et al. 2019

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“…Vehicle to grid (V2G), or the discharge of vehicle batteries to the grid, has also been proposed as a way to further increasing their benefits by replacing peak generation [7,8]. Effective strategies have been developed for the participation of aggregated vehicle fleets with V2G in the electricity markets [9].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Synergies of Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles with Renewable Energy in a Virtual Power Plant and Microgrid

2018

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Abstract:The introduction of shared autonomous electric vehicles (SAEVs), expected within the next decade, can transform the car into a service, accelerate electrification of the transport sector, and allow for large scale control of electric vehicle charging. In this work, we investigate the potential for this system to provide aggregated storage when combined with intermittent renewable energy sources. We develop a simulation methodology for the optimization of vehicle charging in the context of a virtual power plant or microgrid, with and without grid connection or distributed dispatchable generators. The model considers aggregate storage availability from vehicles based on transport patterns taking into account the necessary vehicle redistribution. We investigate the case of a grid-connected VPP with rooftop solar and the case of a isolated microgrid with solar, wind, and dispatchable generation. We conduct a comprehensive sensitivity analysis to study the effect of several parameters on the results for both cases.

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“…As such, historic (or other) sources of energy price can be used for optimisation, which can be updated in real time to reflect actual prices. All the methods for optimising V2G discussed so far considered the problem from the perspective of other stakeholders such as the aggregators or retailers [34,35]. There is the need to develop a prosumer-focused charging schedule that will allow for more flexibility and profit for the vehicle owner.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bi-Directional Coordination of Plug-In Electric Vehicles with Economic Model Predictive Control

et al. 2017

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Abstract:The emergence of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is unveiling new opportunities to de-carbonise the vehicle parcs and promote sustainability in different parts of the globe. As battery technologies and PEV efficiency continue to improve, the use of electric cars as distributed energy resources is fast becoming a reality. While the distribution network operators (DNOs) strive to ensure grid balancing and reliability, the PEV owners primarily aim at maximising their economic benefits. However, given that the PEV batteries have limited capacities and the distribution network is constrained, smart techniques are required to coordinate the charging/discharging of the PEVs. Using the economic model predictive control (EMPC) technique, this paper proposes a decentralised optimisation algorithm for PEVs during the grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operations. To capture the operational dynamics of the batteries, it considers the state-of-charge (SoC) at a given time as a discrete state space and investigates PEVs performance in V2G and G2V operations. In particular, this study exploits the variability in the energy tariff across different periods of the day to schedule V2G/G2V cycles using real data from the university's PEV infrastructure. The results show that by charging/discharging the vehicles during optimal time partitions, prosumers can take advantage of the price elasticity of supply to achieve net savings of about 63%.

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Bidding Strategy for Aggregators of Electric Vehicles in Day-Ahead Electricity Markets

Cited by 29 publications

References 42 publications

Evaluation of Accommodation Capability for Electric Vehicles of a Distribution System Considering Coordinated Charging Strategies

Evaluation of Accommodation Capability for Electric Vehicles of a Distribution System Considering Coordinated Charging Strategies

The Synergies of Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles with Renewable Energy in a Virtual Power Plant and Microgrid

Bi-Directional Coordination of Plug-In Electric Vehicles with Economic Model Predictive Control

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