Bidirectional DC–DC converter based multilevel battery storage systems for electric vehicle and large‐scale grid applications: A critical review considering different topologies, state‐of‐charge balancing and future trends

Abstract

The expanding share of renewable energy sources (RESs) in power generation and rise of electric vehicles (EVs) in transportation industry have increased the significance of energy storage systems (ESSs). Battery is considered as the most suitable energy storage technology for such systems due to its reliability, compact size and fast response. Power converters are vital for the integration of batteries into power grid and EVs as they play an active role in both power conversion and battery management. Multilevel converters (MLCs) are types of power converters and attract widespread interest due to their improved power quality, reliability and modularity. There are two main challenges in MLC based battery storage systems (BSSs) which are selecting a proper MLC topology and balancing state‐of‐charges (SOCs) of batteries. Although some research has been carried out on either MLCs or SOC balancing, no single study exists which presents a comprehensive review on MLC based BSSs for large‐scale grid and EV applications. This paper begins by reviewing several major battery storage technologies that are utilised in MLC based BSSs. Later on, a systematical review of commonly used and recently proposed MLC topologies for BSSs are provided along with different control schemes for MLCs by specifically focusing on SOC balancing techniques. Finally, potential challenges and suggestions for future improvement of MLC based BSSs are addressed.

Renewable Energy Based Smart Grid Construction Using Hybrid Design in Control System with Enhancing of Energy Efficiency of Electronic Converters for Power Electronic in Electric Vehicles

“…To manage power as well as maintain level of charge in battery, an adaptive fuzzy logic based controller for fuel energy management as well as battery-based HEVs was utilised [19]. To increase battery performance and prevent battery as well as fuel cell degradation, a predictive controller method has been introduced [20]. e energy management method in fuel cell vehicles includes a robust fuzzy model predictive controller [21,22].…”

A Novel Nearest Level Modulation Method with Increased Output Voltage Quality for Modular Multilevel Converter Topology

“…Since the invention of the MMC, it has been used as an attractive power converter topology due to its distinguished benefits in terms of availability, high efficiency, and scalability in many industrial applications [7][8][9]. e main application areas of MMC include high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems [10], battery energy storage systems with electrical vehicles [11][12][13], high-power motor drives [14], static synchronous compensator [15], renewable energy system integrations incorporating wind energy conversion system [16] and solar photovoltaic system [17], power electronic transformer [18], and electrical ship and railway traction implementation [19,20]. Recently, scholars have attempted research by focusing the mathematical modeling [21], circuit topology [22], modulation techniques [23], control objectives [24], capacitor voltage balancing [25], precharging for start-up [26] issues, arm current control [27], and circulating current suppression [28] for MMC-based applications.…”

Control of a Three-Phase Current Source Rectifier for H2 Storage Applications in AC Microgrids

“…To compensate for the intermittency of these sources and the fact that their production cannot be controlled, ESSs are a true solution [4]. Among the different types of ESSs, it is possible to highlight two categories: those using batteries [5] and those using hydrogen production by water electrolysis [6]. In the following, we will consider the This solution allows for the maintenance of the grid frequency, even in the case of low power demand.…”