“…Despite continued global standardisation efforts to assist BIM implementation, existing standards have some shortcomings in delivering their advantages, and BIM implementation suffers as a result of their inefficient application (Aram and Eastman, 2013;Patacas et al, 2015), poor interoperability (Marzouk and Othman, 2020;Meng et al, 2020;Stoyanova, 2020) with other enterprise systems like Geographic Information Systems (GIS), enterprise resource planning (ERP) and product lifecycle management (PLM) (Aram and Eastman, 2013;Marzouk and Othman, 2020;Stoyanova, 2020); insufficient compatibility of BIM and consistency with the needs, values and competencies of the potential adopter (Shirowzhan et al, 2020;Son et al, 2015); unreliable data exchange (McGraw-Hill Construction, 2012); and data ownership issues (Ghaffarianhoseini et al, 2017). Despite recent high-tech field data acquisition systems that enable efficient access to building data (Park et al, 2021), their integration into the BIM process to enable information flow throughout the construction phases is complicated (Jia et al, 2022;Schiavi et al, 2022). BIM necessitates to be enhanced to allow consistent handling of data and to improve system integration.…”