Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF)-Based Coarseness Prediction of Textured Metal Surface

Abstract

Because coarseness has a remarkable effect on visual appearance, there has been an increasing demand for measuring quantitative coarseness based on an explicit algorithm, especially in industry. However, even in BYK-mac, a reliable measurement device for high correlation with visual inspection, its results are not clearly defined and not traceable to international standards. In addition, previous studies requiring a captured image of a sample that is sensitive to capturing conditions are not appropriate to apply to industrial sites. Therefore, in this paper, a novel method for predicting coarseness by measuring only the color and the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) is presented. The proposed method generates images using illumination optical analysis by applying the BRDF, which is insensitive to the capturing conditions, so it can be reliably applied to industrial sites with various measurement disturbances. The proposed coarseness prediction workflow was verified based on a comparison of the predicted coarseness values of 56 samples with seven levels of roughness for each of the eight colors and the measured values using BYK-mac. Images generated from illumination optical analysis through BRDF of the prepared sample showed lower brightness on the rougher surface, similar to the BRDF measurement results. The results of the measurement and comparison show that the coarseness orders for each color are similar to each other and that the coarseness variations according to roughness levels are also similar, with a coefficient of determination, R 2 , of 0.9374.

Methodology and Modeling of UAV Push-Broom Hyperspectral BRDF Observation Considering Illumination Correction

“…The Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) is defined as the ratio of the irradiance in a given outgoing direction to the irradiance in a given incoming direction on that surface element, and this function can be used to characterize the surface reflectance anisotropy [1,2]. Currently, it is mainly applied to radiometric correction of satellite-borne instruments [1], radiometric correction of low-altitude images [3], light utilization, albedo inversion [4,5], crop mapping [6], crop element estimation [7], and estimation of metal surface roughness [8]. The modeling accuracy of the BRDF has directly impacted the application of quantitative remote sensing.…”